Secondary metabolites of seven Hypericum species growing in Turkey

Figures & data

Table 1. Collection sites and habitat of the Hypericum species examined.

Species/section	Voucher numbers	Collection site	Latitude (N)	Longitude (E)	Elevation (m)	Habitat
H. aviculariifolium subsp. aviculariifolium var. albiflorum (endemic)^a	BMYO # 127	Gümüş	40°52′	35°14′	785	Rocky and open slopes
H. bithynicum	BMYO # 128	Abant	40°44′	31°36′	1350	Pinus woodland
H. calycinum	BMYO # 130	Akçakoca	40°50′	31°09′	570	Pinus woodland
H. cardiophyllum	BMYO # 135	Yeniyazi	37°04'	37°42'	2250	Rocky and open slopes
H. elongatum subsp. microcalycinum	BMYO # 136	Nizip	37°00′	37°52′	440	Igneous slopes and rock ledges
H. hirsutum	BMYO # 137	Bayburt	40°15′	40°13′	1250	Rocky and open slopes
H. xylosteifolium	BMYO # 145	Pazar	41°10′	40°53′	100	Igneous slopes and rock ledges

^aSpecies are listed in alphabetically.

Table 2. Hypericin (1), pseudohypericin (2), hyperforin (3), adhyperforin (4), chlorogenic acid (5), neochlorogenic acid (6), caffeic acid (7), 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (8), hyperoside (9), isoquercitrin (10), quercitrin (11), quercetin (12), avicularin (13), rutin (14), 13,118-biapigenin (15), (+)-catechin (16) and (−)-epicatechin (17) contents (mg/g DM) in different tissues of Hypericum plants growing wild in Turkey.

		Compounds
Species	Section	Plant part	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17
H. aviculariifolium subsp. aviculariifolium var. albiflorum	Origanifolia Stef.	Flower	0.39	0.70	0.00	0.00	1.66	0.13	0.03	0.04	0.57	0.47	7.63	0.09	0.00	0.00	1.12	0.11	0.79
		Leaf	0.31	0.64	0.00	0.00	4.19	0.18	0.04	0.05	0.47	0.20	5.29	0.02	0.04	0.00	0.25	0.00	0.16
		Stem	0.05	0.12	0.00	0.00	1.45	0.11	0.01	0.01	0.29	0.12	2.03	0.02	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.00
H. bithynicum	Drosocarpium Spach.	Flower	0.99	5.71	0.01	0.01	0.10	1.43	0.00	0.14	4.29	5.87	1.04	0.06	0.12	1.26	2.65	1.65	7.57
		Leaf	0.10	0.44	0.00	0.00	0.39	6.39	0.00	0.19	3.26	13.63	8.75	0.94	0.12	0.68	0.25	0.18	3.36
		Stem	0.02	0.07	0.00	0.00	0.07	0.27	0.00	0.09	0.96	1.30	0.15	0.02	0.08	0.22	0.02	0.19	4.14
H. calycinum	Eremanthe (Spach) Endl.	Flower	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.01	1.59	0.04	0.00	0.06	0.32	5.01	0.26	0.31	0.07	0.34	0.65	1.64	2.17
		Leaf	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	17.31	2.02	0.00	0.13	1.61	17.56	4.94	0.68	0.36	0.86	0.02	0.41	2.16
		Stem	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.28	0.02	0.00	0.01	0.18	5.30	0.10	0.13	0.06	0.16	0.01	0.40	0.75
H. cardiophyllum	Arthrophyllum Jaub. & Spach.	Flower	0.00	0.00	0.49	0.49	6.16	3.56	0.03	0.12	7.84	3.48	0.19	1.35	0.69	0.03	4.84	0.07	0.28
		Leaf	0.00	0.00	0.10	0.10	9.98	5.98	0.03	0.16	7.87	3.15	0.03	0.34	0.36	0.26	0.05	0.31	3.14
		Stem	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.08	0.03	0.00	0.07	1.78	2.11	0.00	0.06	0.09	0.00	0.00	0.13	0.03
H. elongatum subsp. microcalycinum	Drosanthe Spach.	Flower	0.24	0.41	0.00	0.00	0.03	4.72	0.12	0.01	7.01	1.63	2.87	0.46	0.56	0.64	2.21	0.00	0.46
		Leaf	0.04	0.07	0.00	0.00	0.11	4.94	0.13	0.07	7.61	4.27	5.01	0.14	0.24	0.00	0.02	0.04	1.48
		Stem	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.03	0.46	0.01	0.06	1.69	0.81	1.17	0.03	0.08	0.00	0.02	0.00	0.68
H. hirsutum	Taeniocarpium Jaub. & Spach.	Flower	1.09	3.42	15.84	1.61	0.06	3.41	0.01	0.01	5.26	7.38	6.82	0.24	0.57	17.17	3.61	1.38	3.54
		Leaf	0.38	1.27	10.28	0.67	0.16	5.55	0.01	0.09	3.03	7.17	2.75	0.03	1.28	43.34	0.31	0.83	3.41
		Stem	0.29	0.29	1.54	0.34	0.03	1.15	0.00	0.02	1.00	1.91	0.76	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.03	0.27	0.00
H. xylosteifolium	Inodorum Stef.	Flower	0.00	0.00	0.38	0.33	0.07	0.04	0.08	0.09	0.14	0.41	0.21	0.02	0.00	0.00	0.07	0.00	1.35
		Leaf	0.00	0.00	0.09	0.01	24.80	1.43	0.36	0.11	0.70	3.49	0.00	0.12	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.14	2.11
		Stem	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.69	0.10	0.00	0.03	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.03

Figure 1. PCA of leaf parts of different Hypericum species.

Figure 2. PCA of flower parts of different Hypericum species.

Figure 3. PCA of stem parts of different Hypericum species.

Figure 4. A view from H. aviculariifolium subsp. aviculariifolium var. albiflorum (A), H. bithynicum (B), H. elongatum subsp. microcalycinum (C), H. calycinum (D), H. cardiophyllum (E), H. hirsutum (F) and H. xylosteifolium (G) plants at flowering in their native habitats.