Antioxidant activity of olive wine, a byproduct of olive mill wastewater

Figures & data

Table 1. Administration protocol.

	Subcutaneous injection		Intragastric administration
Groups	Saline (mL/kg)	Galactose (mg/kg)	Saline (mL/kg)	Tocopherol (mg/kg)	Olive wine (mL/kg)	Solvent (mL/kg)
Negative control	5	–	14	–	–	–
Model	–	150	14	–	–	–
Solvent control	–	150	–	–	–	14
Positive control	–	150	–	20	–	–
Low dose	–	150	–	–	7	–
Medium dose	–	150	–	–	14	–
High dose	–	150	–	–	28	–

Figure 1. Activity comparison of olive wine (A) and ascorbic acid (B) in scavenging DPPH free radicals.

Figure 2. Activity comparison of olive wine (A) and ascorbic acid (B) in scavenging hydroxyl free radicals.

Figure 3. Activity comparison of olive wine (A) and ascorbic acid (B) in ferric reducing antioxidant power.

Table 2. MDA levels in plasma and liver of mice with different administration protocols.

Group	Dose	MDA level (nmol/mL)
		Plasma	Liver
Solvent	14 mL/kg	39.23 ± 8.00	10.53 ± 7.80
Tocopherol	20 mg/kg	36.82 ± 4.88	3.84 ± 1.29*
Olive wine	7 mL/kg	38.30 ± 2.38	7.19 ± 5.70
Olive wine	14 mL/kg	30.48 ± 9.31	5.60 ± 2.46
Olive wine	28 mL/kg	40.65 ± 4.22	5.14 ± 1.84*

Values represent mean ± SD. *p < 0.05.

Table 3. Protein carbonyl levels in plasma and liver of mice with different administration protocols.

Group	Dose	Protein carbonyl level (μmol/g protein)
		Plasma	Liver
Solvent	14 mL/kg	0.96 ± 0.31	0.27 ± 0.09
Tocopherol	20 mg/kg	0.35 ± 0.28**	0.28 ± 0.09
Olive wine	7 mL/kg	0.88 ± 0.14	0.34 ± 0.23
Olive wine	14 mL/kg	0.83 ± 0.17	0.30 ± 0.08
Olive wine	28 mL/kg	0.56 ± 0.36*	0.33 ± 0.10

Values represent mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.02.

Table 4. SOD activity in plasma and liver of mice administrated according to the proposed protocol.

Group	Dose	SOD activity (U/mL)
		Plasma	Liver
Solvent	14 mL/kg	4.15 ± 1.25	8.88 ± 0.78
Tocopherol	20 mg/kg	5.97 ± 1.54**	9.97 ± 0.91*
Olive wine	7 mL/kg	5.13 ± 1.27*	10.12 ± 1.05*
Olive wine	14 mL/kg	4.15 ± 0.65	10.53 ± 1.19**
Olive wine	28 mL/kg	5.55 ± 1.06**	10.72 ± 1.09**

Values represent mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.02.

Table 5. GSH levels in plasma and liver of mice administrated according to the proposed protocol.

Group	Dose	GSH level (μmol/mL)
		Plasma	Liver
Solvent	14 mL/kg	1802 ± 509	15.43 ± 1.91
Tocopherol	20 mg/kg	1298 ± 251*	14.26 ± 1.95
Olive wine	7 mL/kg	1586 ± 479	14.30 ± 1.96
Olive wine	14 mL/kg	1385 ± 202	14.16 ± 1.25
Olive wine	28 mL/kg	1455 ± 257	15.46 ± 2.43

Values represent mean ± SD. *p < 0.05.