GC-MS profile of antimicrobial and antioxidant fractions from Cordia rothii roots

Figures & data

Scheme 1. Extraction, and fractionation and identified compounds f rom C. rothii roots. *Continued in Scheme 2.

Scheme 2. Extraction and fractionation and identified compounds from C. rothii roots. *Continued from Scheme 1.

Table 1. In vitro antibacterial activity of C. rothii roots against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Name of bacteria	Zone of inhibition (mm)
	2A	4A	KC-PE	KC-C	6A	KEA-PE	KEA-C	KA	KA-PE	KA-C	KA-EA	KM-PE	KM-C	KM-EA	KM-M
Gram-positive bacteria
Bacillus cereus	–	–	–	–	9	10	10	–	11	12	9	–	11	9	–
Bacillus subtilis	11	9	10	10	9	11	10	9	–	11	–	–	9	9	9
Bacillus thuringiensis	–	–	–	10	–	–	–	–	11	15	–	–	11	11	–
Corynebacterium diphtheriae	–	–	–	9	–	–	9	–	12	16	9	10	13	10	–
Corynebacterium hofmannii	–	–	–	–	–	13	11	–	–	15	10	–	15	–	–
Corynebacterium xerosis	9	–	9	–	9	10	–	10	13	18	–	12	16	13	–
Micrococcus luteus	10	–	9	9	10	10	9	9	–	15	9	–	10	13	–
Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341	10	9	10	–	10	12	13	–	14	23	10	11	20	14	–
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus	–	–	–	–	–	10	9	–	–	15	9	9	12	10	–
Staphylococcus aureus	11	9	9	–	–	9	11	9	9	12	–	–	–	–	–
Staphylococcus aureus AB188	9	–	9	9	10	13	9	–	12	15	10	–	12	–	11
Staphylococcus epidermidis	–	9	11	10	9	–	–	10	17	18	–	11	13	15	–
Streptococcus faecalis	10	–	9	–	–	9	–	–	15	20	–	–	13	14	–
Streptococcus saprophyticus	14	9	11	11	12	10	10	11	10	17	10	–	15	9	–
Streptococcus pyogenes	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	12	16	–	9	10	11	–
Gram-negative bacteria
Enterobacter specie	11	–	10	10	10	12	12	10	12	13	11	10	12	10	–
Escherichia coli ATCC 8739	–	–	–	–	–	14	12	9	11	15	10	–	10	11	–
Escherichia coli	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
E. coli MDR	–	–	–	10	–	13	9	–	–	–	9	–	–	–	–
Klebsiella pneumoniae	12	10	13	12	10	11	10	12	11	15	–	11	11	10	–
Proteus mirabilis	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	17	–	11	14	12	–
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	10	15	–	10	12	10	–
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027	13	9	11	11	11	–	–	11	10	13	–	–	10	10	–
Salmonella typhi	12	–	10	13	13	9	–	10	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Salmonella paratyphi A	–	–	–	–	–	13	12	–	–	12	10	–	–	–	–
Salmonella paratyphi B	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	11	9	–	–	9
Shigella dysenteriae	14	11	10	11	14	–	–	12	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Shigella flexneri	14	–	10	13	14	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–

– : Inactive; Negative control = DMSO; KA-A, KA-M, KM and KM-A did not exhibit antibacterial activity against any of the Gram-positive or -negative bacteria.

Table 2. Minimum inhibitory concentration (μg/disc) of C. rothii roots.

Name of bacteria	KA-C	KM-C	Name of bacteria	KA-C	KM-C
Bacillus thuringiensis	31.25	–	Staphylococcus epidermidis	250	–
Corynebacterium diphtheriae	250	–	Streptococcus saprophyticus	62.50	62.50
Corynebacterium hofmannii	125	250	Streptococcus pyogenes	250	–
Corynebacterium xerosis	250	125	Streptococcus faecalis	125	–
Micrococcus luteus	31.25	–	Proteus mirabilis	250	–
Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341	250	31.25	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	125	–
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus	62.50	–	Escherichia coli ATCC 8739	62.50	–
Staphylococcus aureus AB188	<31.25	–	Klebsiella pneumoniae	31.25	–

Table 3. Antioxidant potential of C. rothii roots.

Sample code	% Inhibition ± SD	EC50 μg/mL	Sample code	% Inhibition ± SD	EC50 μg/mL
2A	61.11 ± 0.02	187.5	KA-EA	33.45 ± 0.01	–
4A	51.67 ± 0.02	375	KA-A	71.76 ± 0.01	46.875
KC-PE	43.88 ± 0.01	–	KA-M	53.95 ± 0.05	375
KC-C	46.58 ± 0.01	–	KM	76.79 ± 0.01	46.875
6A	58.63 ± 0.03	375	KM-PE	62.94 ± 0.07	93.750
KEA-PE	67.65 ± 0.01	93.750	KM-C	58.27 ± 0.02	375
KEA-C	56.11 ± 0.02	375	KM-EA	57.0 ± 0.01	375
KA	59.89 ± 0.01	187.5	KM-A	69.24 ± 0.02	46.875
KA-PE	23.56 ± 0.03	–	KM-M	72.58 ± 0.02	93.750
KA-C	63.84 ± 0.02	187.5	–	–	–

Table 4. Composition (%) of phytochemicals in GC-MS studies on C. rothii roots.

Identified compounds/trivial and IUPAC name	2 A	4 A	KC-PE	KC-C	6 A	KEA-PE	KEA-C	KA-PE	KA-C	KM-PE	KM-C	KM-EA	Sub-total	% overall	R.I.
n-Tridecane^a (1)	1.29	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.29	0.11	1300
n-Tetradecane^a,b (2)	1.51	–	–	–	–	–		–	–	–	–	–	1.51	0.13	1400
n-Pentadecane^b (3)	1.45	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.45	0.12	1500
iso-Hexadecane^a,b (4)	1.86	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.86	0.16	–
Lauric acid ethyl ester^a,b,c (n-dodecanoic acid ethyl ester) (5), co-eluted with 4	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.00	–	1554
n-Heptadecane (6)	1.33	–	–	–	0.20	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.53	0.13	1700
Myristic acid ethyl ester^a,b (n-tetradecanoic acid ethyl ester) (7)	1.80	–	–	–	0.35	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.15	0.18	1798
n-Octadecane (8)	2.40	1.90	1.17	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	5.47	0.46	1800
Cordiachrome C (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-7-isopropenyl-6-methyl-6-vinyl naphthalene-1,4-dione) (9)	8.51	–	14.75	0.75	–	32.61	–	–	13.0	–	–	–	69.62	5.86	n.a.
n-Nonadecane (10)	2.26	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.26	0.19	1900
Palmitic acid methyl ester^a,b (n-hexadecanoic acid methyl ester) (11)	3.34	8.84	5.80	–	3.65	1.44	–	7.93	–	2.17	1.02	0.92	35.11	2.96	1938
Palmitic acid ethyl ester^a (n-hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester) (12)	7.35	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	7.35	0.62	1975
Palmitic acid (n-hexadecanoic acid) (13)	7.99	28.68	5.55	5.49	–	3.75	–	15.03	4.17	6.67	3.05	4.19	84.57	7.12	1983
Oleic acid methyl ester^a,b (octadec-9Z-enoic acid methyl ester) (14)	3.47	–	1.95	–	–	1.21	–	9.08	–	–	–	–	15.71	1.32	2107
Linoleic acid ethyl ester^a,b (octadec-9Z,12Z-dienoic acid ethyl ester) (15)	3.21	–	1.93	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	5.14	0.43	2162
Elaidic acid ethyl ester^a,b (octadec-9E-enoic acid ethyl ester) (16)	5.24	–	4.62	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	9.86	0.83	2168
Oleic acid ethyl ester^a,b (octadec-9Z-enoic acid ethyl ester) (17)	9.88	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	9.88	0.83	2171
Stearic acid (n-octadecanoic acid) (18)	3.63	15.35	2.83	3.35	–	2.05	–	2.80	–	4.38	2.75	–	37.14	3.13	2177
Stigmasta-3,5-diene^a,b (19)	5.39	–	–	1.25	–	–	–	11.80	–	–	–	–	18.44	1.55	2525^d
n-Hexadecane (20)	–	1.10	–	–	0.82	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.92	0.16	1600
Cordiachromene A^a (2-methyl-2-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)-2H-chromen-6-ol) (21)	–	–	5.48	13.00	–	3.13	–	11.31	8.67	7.70	4.20	6.78	60.27	5.07	n.a.
Linoleic acid methyl ester^a,b (octadec-9Z,12Z-dienoic acid methyl ester) (22)	–	–	1.59	0.99	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.58	0.22	2098
Stearic acid methyl ester^a,b (octadecanoic acid methyl ester) (23)	–	–	1.18	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.18	0.10	2134
Cordiaquinol C^a (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-7-isopropenyl-6-methyl-6-vinylnaphthalene-1,4-diol) (24)	–	–	2.24	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	4.37	6.61	0.56	n.a.
Stigmasta-4,22-diene-3β-ol^a,b (25)	–	–	1.21	2.24	–	1.75	–	–	–	3.58	4.00	2.84	15.62	1.32	2739^d
β-Sitosterol (stigmast-5-en-3β-ol) (26)	–	–	2.17	3.91	–	4.13	–	4.90	3.32	9.59	9.01	6.19	43.22	3.64	2731^d
Stigmasterol (stigmasta-5,22-diene-3β-ol) (27)	–	–	0.46	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.46	0.04	2739^d
Coniferyl alcohol^a (((1E)-4-(3-hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxyphenol) (28)	–	–	–	5.03	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	4.29	9.32	0.78	1727
Cordiol A^a (5,6,7,8,8a,9,10,10a-octahydro-5,5-dimethyl-anthracene-1,4,8a-triol) (29)	–	–	–	3.41	–	1.20	–	–	2.84	–	–	–	7.45	0.63	2274
Linoleic acid (octadec-9Z, 12Z-dienoic acid) (30)	–	–	–	–	–	3.13	–	–	–	–	–	–	3.13	0.26	2157
Cycloartenol^a,b,c (9,19-cyclolanost-24-en-3β-ol) (31)	–	–	–	–	–	0.66	–	–	–	2.00	–	–	2.66	0.22	2816^d
24-Methylene cycloartenol^a,b (24-methylene-9,19-cyclolanostan-3β-ol) (32)	–	–	–	–	–	0.85	–	–	–	2.00	3.10	–	5.95	0.50	2834^d
Phenyl ethylene^a,b (phenyl ethene) (33)	–	–	–	–	–	–	18.81	–	–	–	–	–	18.81	1.58	895
Benzyl acetate^a,b,c (acetic acid phenylmethyl ester) (34)	–	–	–	–	–	–	4.39	–	–	–	–	–	4.39	0.37	1184
Thymine^a,b,c (2,4-dihydroxy-5-methylpyrimidine) (35)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.48	–	–	0.48	0.04	1118^d
2,3-Dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one^a,b,c (36)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.60	–	–	0.60	0.05	1167
Hydroxymethyl furfuraldehyde^a ((5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furan-carboxaldehyde) (37)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.53	–	–	0.53	0.04	1256
Lauric acid^a,b (n-dodecanoic acid) (38)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.72	–	–	0.72	0.06	1566
Hydrocaffeic acid^a,b (3,4-dihydroxy-benzenepropanoic acid) (39)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.62	–	1.74	2.36	0.20	1790^d
Myristic acid (n-tetradecanoic acid (40)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.99	–	0.87	1.86	0.16	1774
Oleic acid (octadec-9Z-enoic acid) (41)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	8.98	6.54	–	15.52	1.31	2161
2-Monopalmitin^a,b (hexadecanoic acid 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-ethyl ester) (42)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	4.73	3.72	–	8.45	0.71	2498^d
Cycloeucalenol^a,b (4α,14α-di-methyl-9,19-cycloergost-24(28)-en-3β-ol) (43)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.34	–	–	1.34	0.11	2760^d
p-Salicylic acid^a (4-hydroxy-benzoic acid) (44)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.79	0.79	0.07	1522
Vanillic acid^a (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzoic acid)(45)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.94	0.94	0.08	1608

*Constituents arranged and numbered in the order of their appearance in Schemes 1 and 2.

^aFirst report from C. rothii; ^bFirst report from genus Cordia; ^cFirst report from family Boraginaceae;

^dEstimated values as mentioned in NIST.

Figure 1. Identified chemical constituents from C. rothii roots through GC-MS studies.

Figure 2. Diverse classes of natural products identified through GC-MS studies.

Figure 3. Structures of chemical constituents identified through GC-MS studies.