Patterns of smoking behaviour in patients following cardiac surgery. A prospective study

Figures & data

Table I. Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients at baseline by smoking status before surgery (n=533).

	Smoking exposure
Variable	Current (n=74)	Former (n=316)	Never (n=143)	P-value^a
Age at operation (years), median	63.4 (23.8–81.2)	69.9 (24.9–86.8)	70.4 (30.0–85.6)	<0.001^b
Gender, n (%)				0.001^c
Male	59 (80)	259 (82)	94 (66)
Female	15 (20)	57 (18)	49 (34)
Education, n (%)				0.858^b
Primary education	34 (47)	140 (45)	69 (49)
Secondary education	24 (33)	122 (39)	45 (32)
Higher education	15 (20)	52 (16)	26 (19)
Marital status, n (%)				0.004^c
Cohabited/married	50 (68)	254 (80)	96 (68)
Living alone	24 (32)	62 (20)	46 (32)
Previous cardiac surgery, n (%)	2 (3)	29 (9)	9 (6)	0.142^c
BMI (kg/m^2), mean	26.6 (4.5)	27.0 (3.7)	26.8 (3.9)	0.730^d
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	7 (10)	39 (12)	24 (17)	0.272^c
Lung disease, n (%)	10 (13.5)	41 (13.0)	14 (9.7)	0.593^c
EuroSCORE, median	3.8 (0–9)	4.0 (0–13)	5.0 (0–12)	0.091^b
NYHA-class I/II/III/IV, n	5/18/45/6	11/74/194/37	9/32/89/12	0.429^b
Emergency surgery, n (%)	0 (0)	2 (0.6)	1 (1)	0.998^c
XC time (min), median	38.0 (12–273)	42.0 (5–188)	43.0 (11–180)	0.632^b
CPB time (min), median	65.0 (23–377)	68.5 (16–441)	67.0 (23–283)	0.892^b
Surgery, n (%)				0.190^c
Isolated CABG	49 (66)	226 (72)	89 (62)
Isolated HVS	2 (3)	19 (6)	15 (11)
HVS + CABG	13 (18)	39 (12)	23 (16)
Miscellaneous	10 (13)	32 (10)	16 (11)
Pack-years, median	20.8 (0.75–122.5)	18.8 (0.05–165.0)	–	0.372^e
12 Months Mortality, n (%)	4 (5)	6 (2)	4 (3)	0.207^c

BMI, body mass index; NYHA, New York Heart Association; XC, cross clamp; CPB, cardiopulmonary bypass; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; HVS, heart valve surgery. Descriptive data given as frequencies (%), means (sd) and medians (range) for each group of smoking exposure.

^aP-values calculated for comparisons of smokers, former smokers and never smokers.

^bKruskal-Wallis test.

^cFisher's exact test.

^dOne-way ANOVA, ^eMann-Whitney U-test.

Figure 1. Patterns of smoking before, six and 12 months after cardiac surgery. ^aSmoking status available on 533 of 534 patients included at baseline. ^bSmoking status available on 457 of 462 patients responding at six months. ^cSmoking status available on 459 of 465 patients responding at 12 months. ^§One smoker at 12 month reported to be never smoker at baseline. Hence the total number of smokers at 12 months was 40. Never smokers are not included in the figure (n=143). Some patients missing at six months responded at 12 months and opposite.