Stromal cell-derived factor 1α (SDF-1α): A marker of disease burden in patients with atrial fibrillation

Figures & data

Table I. Patients baseline characteristics (N=290).

	Type of AF
	PAF (n = 74)	PeAF (n = 128)	PermAF (n = 68)	N/A (n = 20)
Age, years (mean ± SD)	66.4 ± 15.3	66.6 ± 10.9	76.1 ± 8.6	75.9 ± 8.6
Sex, female, n (%)	27 (37)	35 (28)	23 (34)	8 (40)
Dead at follow-up time, yes (%)	13 (18)	9 (7)	17 (25)	2 (10)
Readmitted to hospital during follow-up time, yes, n (%)	41 (55)	79 (62)	44 (65)	1 (5)
Alcohol, yes*, n (%)	20 (27)	38 (30)	20 (29)	5 (25)
Smoker, yes, n (%)	11 (15)	17 (13)	13 (19)	4 (20)
Hypertension, yes, n (%)	33 (45)	67 (52)	35 (51)	10 (50)
Ischemic heart disease, yes, n (%)	14 (19)	12 (9)	16 (24)	3 (15)
Congestive heart failure, yes, n (%)	9 (12)	9 (7)	15 (22)	2 (10)
Heart valve disease, yes, n (%)	3 (4)	14 (11)	10 (15)	1 (5)
Diabetes, yes, n (%)	8 (11)	23 (18)	14 (21)	0 (0)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, yes, n (%)	3 (4)	1 (6)	6 (9)	4 (20)
Stroke/Transient cerebral ischemia, yes, n (%)	6 (8)	7 (6)	6 (9)	3 (15)
SDF-1α, pg/ml (Median [range])	1982.0 [1176.0 to 3450.0 pg/ml]	1906.0 [1137.0 to 3370.0 pg/ml]	2199.5 [1212.0 to 4163.0 pg/ml]	1990.5 [1296.0 to 3510.0]
SDF-1α, pg/ml (mean ± SD)	2014.8 ± 458.5	1981.3 ± 417.3	2291.2 ± 550.6	2062.3 ± 511.1

*Yes = Drinking over the recommended amount stated by the Danish Health Ministry; max. 7 units per week for women and max. 14 units per week for men. Source: http://sundhedsstyrelsen.dk/da/sundhed/alkohol.

Figure 1. The SDF-1α level in different types of AF across age groups.

Table II. One-way ANOVA of the difference in SDF-1α between patients with different types of AF.

	df	Sums of squares	Mean square	F	p Value
Groups	2	0.180	0.090	10.307	<0.001
Error	267	2.334	0.009	-	-

ANOVA analysis of SDF-1α levels between the three types of AF (here “groups”) demonstrating a significant difference.

Table III. Tukey post-hoc test of One-way ANOVA for AF types and age groups.

AF types:
(A) AF type	(B) AF type	Mean difference (A-B)	p Value	95% CI
PAF	PeAF	33.5	0.875	−128.56 to 193.62
	PermAF	−276.2	0.001	−460.49 to 92.16
PeAF	PermAF	−309.8	<0.001	−474.36 to -145.33

The Tukey post-hoc test comparing the SDF-1α levels in different types of AF to localize the significant difference that was found in the ANOVA analysis. The mean difference denotes the difference in SDF-1α levels between the types of AF in the analysis. The 95% confidence interval (CI) denotes the confidence interval of the difference in SDF-1α level between the types of AF. PAF: Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; PeAF: Persistent atrial fibrillation; PermAF: Permanent atrial fibrillation.

Figure 2. The SDF-1α level in relation to different types of AF and across different age groups.