Metabolite profile and in vitro activities of Phagnalon saxatile (L.) Cass. relevant to treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

Figures & data

Figure 1.  Structures of isolated compounds from P. saxatile.

Table 1.  Free radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition of methanolic extract from P. saxatile.

	% Inhibition	IC50 (μg/mL)^a
		DPPH	β-Carotene bleaching test
			30 min	60 min
DPPH assay (μg/mL)		25 ± 0.18
1000	92.5
500	93.9
250	93.6
100	92.0
50	86.9
25	50.8
10	21.8
β-Carotene bleaching test^b			14 ± 0.08	41 ± 0.21
100	78.1/76.0
50	59.6/59.7
25	50.8/43.7
10	36.7/38.8
5	13.1/22.0
1	11.0/18.5
Propyl gallate^c			1 ± 0.01	1 ± 0.01
Ascorbic acid^c		2 ± 0.01

^aValues are given ± SEM (n = 3).

^bInhibition values are 30 min/60 min.

^cPropyl gallate and ascorbic acid were used as positive controls.

Table 2.  Inhibition of NO production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages by methanolic extract and compounds isolated from P. saxatile.

Compound	Concentration (μg/mL)	% Inhibition	IC50
MeOH extract	100	65 ± 1.4**	82.09 ± 1.6**
	50	30 ± 0.8**
	25	27 ± 0.7**
	10	25 ± 0.5**
Chlorogenic acid (3)	100	95 ± 1.9**	17.59 ± 0.75**
	50	50 ± 1.2**
	25	33 ± 0.7**
	10	22 ± 0.5**
Caffeic acid (4)	100	97 ± 1.9**	7.21 ± 0.63**
	50	65 ± 1.5**
	25	29 ± 0.6**
	10	40 ± 0.7**
Methylchlorogenic acid (5)	100	99 ± 2.2**	12.86 ± 0.71**
	50	57 ± 1.3**
	25	48 ± 0.9**
	10	29 ± 0.7**
Apigenin 7-O-β-glucopyranoside (6)	100	99 ± 2.1**	25.35 ± 0.87**
	50	43 ± 0.9**
	25	26 ± 0.7**
	10	15 ± 0.4**
3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (8)	100	10 ± 0.5**	—
Luteolin-4′-O-glucopyranoside (9)	100	90 ± 1.9**	30.55 ± 0.91**
	50	38 ± 0.8**
	25	26 ± 0.6**
	10	10 ± 0.3**
Luteolin (10)	100	91 ± 1.8**	20.76 ± 0.82**
	50	38 ± 0.8**
	25	36 ± 0.7**
	10	15 ± 0.4**
Apigenin (11)	100	90 ± 2.0**	16.75 ± 0.72**
	50	37 ± 1.0**
	25	22 ± 0.6**
	10	18 ± 0.5**
Indomethacin	200	95 ± 2.1**	52.8 ± 1.2**
	100	66 ± 1.3**
	50	46 ± 1.1**
	25	5 ± 0.3**
	12.5	2.5 ± 0.2**

Note. Values are mean ± SD (n = 3); multicomparison Dunnett’s test: ** p < 0. 01. Indomethacin was used as positive control

Table 3.  Cholinesterase inhibitory activity of methanolic extract and compounds isolated from P. saxatile.

	Concentration (μg/mL)	% InhibitionAChE	IC50AChE	% InhibitionBChE	IC50BChE	SI(IC50 BChE/AChE)
MeOH extract	1000	—	> 1000	100	523.75 ± 2.6**	—
	750			55.1
	500			49.2
	250			21.9
	100			0
Chlorogenic acid (3)	—		—		—	1.48
Caffeic acid (4)	100	100	32.4 ± 1.7**	100	32.2 ± 1.5**	0.99
	75	88.7		88.6
	50	52.4		52.3
	25	46.9		47.0
	10	23.8		24.1
Methylchlorogenic acid (5)	—		—		—	—
Apigenin 7-O-β-glucopyranoside (6)	200	100	102.8 ± 2.5**	100	85.7 ± 1.4**	0.83
	100	50.3		57.6
	50	25.9		41.3
	25	10.6		36.4
	10	0		9.6
3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (8)	100	100	54.5 ± 1.6**	100	73.2 ± 1.4**	1.3
	75	67.4		51.7
	50	46.9		42.4
	25	31.2		20.8
	10	23.5		0
Luteolin-4′-O-glucopyranoside (9)	100	100	66.1 ± 2.3**	50.3	99.5 ± 2.3**	1.50
	75	56.4		34.2
	50	44.3		10.9
	25	23.4		0
	10	5.5		0
Apigenin (11)	100	100	27.5 ± 1.3**	100	42.7 ± 1.6**	1.55
	75	76.4		79.2
	50	52.9		52.8
	25	46.6		40.8
	10	10.8		12.6
Physostigmine			0.07 ± 0.02		0.17 ± 0.04	2.42

Note. Values are mean ± SD (n = 3); multicomparison Dunnett’s test: ** p < 0. 01.