The Relationship Between Coping Styles and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with COPD Entering Pulmonary Rehabilitation

Figures & data

Table 1.  General patient characteristics.

	Patients (n = 698)
Age (years)	63.5 (9.6)
FEV1 (litres)	1.3 (0.5)
FEV1 (% predicted)	47.6 (17.9)
FEV1/FVC (%)	39.2 (11.3)
Charlson comorbidity index (points)	1.7 (1.1)
MRC dyspnea scale (grade)	3.3 (1.1)
BMI (kg.m^−2)	25.4 (4.8)
FFMI (kg.m^−2)	16.4 (2.2)
SGRQ Symptoms (points)	59.7 (20.6)
SGRQ Activity (points)	70.1 (20.0)
SGRQ Impact (points)	41.9 (18.5)
SGRQ Total (points)	53.5 (16.7)
6MWD (meters)	442.1 (119.1)
PaO2 (kPa)	9.4 (1.3)
PaCO2 (kPa)	5.3 (0.6)
HbCO (%)	2.6 (2.1)
Current smokers, n (%)*	268 (40.1)
HADS-A (points)	7.1 (4.3)
HADS-D (points)	6.6 (3.8)

Data are presented as mean (standard deviation, SD) or number of patients (%). * n = 668.

Abbreviations: FEV₁: forced expiratory volume in the first second; FVC: forced vital capacity; MRC: Medical Research Council; BMI: body mass index; FFMI: fat-free mass index; SGRQ: St. George Respiratory Questionnaire; 6MWD: 6-minute walking distance; PaO₂: resting arterial oxygen tension; PaCO₂: resting arterial carbon dioxide tension; HbCO: arterial blood carboxyhemoglobin; HADS-A: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, anxiety subscale; HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, depression subscale.

Figure 1.  Distribution of UCL coping styles in COPD patients entering PR. Proportion of patients using a very low, low, medium, high or very high level of coping style.

Figure 2.  UCL subscale scores of patients with and without symptoms of anxiety. Data are presented as mean (standard deviation, SD). ^#p < 0.0005, based on independent sample t-test; *p ≤ 0.001, based on linear regression analysis, adjusted for age, sex, FEV₁, MRC and 6MWD. Abbreviations: FEV₁: forced expiratory volume in the first second; MRC: Medical Research Council; 6MWD: 6-minute walking distance; HADS-A: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, anxiety subscale.

Figure 3.  UCL subscale scores of patients with and without symptoms of depression. Data are presented as mean (standard deviation, SD). ^# p < 0.0005, based on independent sample t-test; * p < 0.05, based on linear regression analysis, adjusted for age, sex, FEV₁, MRC and 6MWD. Abbreviations: FEV₁: forced expiratory volume in the first second; MRC: Medical Research Council; 6MWD: 6-minute walking distance; HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, depression subscale.

Table 2.  The relationship of UCL coping styles with 6MWD: linear regression model

	Correlates	Standardized Beta	p-value
6MWD(R^2 = 0.512, p < 0.0005)	Sex	0.025	n.s.
	Age	–0.278	<0.0005
	MRC dyspnea scale	–0.277	<0.0005
	FEV1	0.210	<0.0005
	BMI	–0.226	<0.0005
	FFMI	0.184	<0.01
	SGRQ Total score	–0.259	<0.0005
	UCL Active confronting coping style	0.092	<0.01
	UCL Palliative reaction coping style	0.047	n.s.
	UCL Avoidance coping style	–0.074	0.02
	UCL Seeking social support coping style	–0.009	n.s.
	UCL Passive reaction pattern coping style	–0.035	n.s.
	UCL Expressing emotions coping style	–0.031	n.s.
	UCL Reassuring thoughts coping style	–0.064	n.s.
	HADS-A	0.074	n.s.
	HADS-D	0.017	n.s.

n = 698.

Abbreviations: n.s.: non-significant; 6MWD: 6-minute walking distance; MRC: Medical Research Council; FEV₁: forced expiratory volume in the first second; BMI: body mass index; FFMI: fat-free mass index; SGRQ: St. George Respiratory Questionnaire; UCL: Utrecht Coping List; HADS-A: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, anxiety subscale; HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, depression subscale.

Table 3.  The relationship of UCL coping styles with SGRQ total score: linear regression model

	Correlates	Standardized Beta	p-value
SGRQ Total score (R^2 = 0.482, p < 0.0005)	6MWD	–0.214	<0.0005
	MRC dyspnea scale	0.343	<0.0005
	FEV1	–0.024	n.s.
	UCL Active confronting coping style	0.051	n.s.
	UCL Palliative reaction coping style	0.017	n.s.
	UCL Avoidance coping style	–0.058	n.s.
	UCL Seeking social support coping style	0.025	n.s.
	UCL Passive reaction pattern coping style	0.068	n.s.
	UCL Expressing emotions coping style	–0.058	n.s.
	UCL Reassuring thoughts coping style	0.005	n.s.
	HADS-A	0.203	<0.0005
	HADS-D	0.170	<0.0005

n = 698.

Abbreviations: n.s.: non-significant; SGRQ: St. George Respiratory Questionnaire; 6MWD: 6-minute walking distance; MRC: Medical Research Council; FEV₁: forced expiratory volume in the first second; UCL: Utrecht Coping List; HADS-A: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, anxiety subscale; HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, depression subscale.