Pulmonary Embolism in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Figures & data

Table 1.  Baseline demographic status and comorbidity compared between Comparison and COPD group

Variable	Comparison group N = 355878 (%)	COPD group N = 355878 (%)	p-value
Age, years (SD)	71.3 (13.7)	71.6 (13.7)	<0.0001*
20–59	59159 (16.6)	59159 (16.6)	1.000
60–79	190714 (53.6)	190714 (53.6)
$ 80	106005 (29.8)	106005 (29.8)
Sex			1.000
Female	111127 (31.2)	111127 (31.2)
Male	244751 (68.8)	244751 (68.8)
Comorbidity
Hypertension	64688 (18.2)	168153 (47.3)	<0.0001
CAD	30926 (8.7)	93372 (26.2)	<0.0001
DM	64035 (18.0)	86363 (24.3)	<0.0001
Cancer	16368 (4.6)	24100 (6.8)	<0.0001
Stroke	30416 (8.5)	92844 (26.1)	<0.0001
Hyperlipidemia	11997 (3.4)	30024 (8.4)	<0.0001
Ever operation			<0.0001
No	203907 (57.3)	77284 (21.7)
Yes	151971 (42.7)	278594 (78.3)

*t-test.

FIGURE 1.  Cumulative incidence of PE in comparison and COPD cohort.

Table 2.  Incidence of PE and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis measured hazard ratio for study cohort

	Comparison group			COPD group
Variable	Event	PYs	Rate*	Event	PYs	Rate*	HR	Adjusted HR
total	550	1742792	3.16	1539	1250222	12.31	3.79 (3.44–4.18)	3.45 (3.10-3.83)
Age group
20–59	30	336161	0.89	189	290674	6.5	7.17 (4.88–10.53)	4.64 (3.06-7.03)
60–79	301	1006969	2.99	951	716641	13.27	4.33 (3.80–4.93)	3.64 (3.16-4.19)
$80	219	399662	5.48	399	242907	16.43	2.96 (2.50–3.49)	2.80 (2.34-3.35)
Sex
Female	228	555550	4.10	559	415302	13.46	3.19 (2.74–3.73)	2.83 (2.39-3.36)
Male	322	1187242	2.71	980	834920	11.74	4.21 (3.71–4.78)	3.87 (3.38-4.43)

^†model adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, CAD, DM, cancer, stroke, hyperlipidemia and operation.

*incidence rate, per 10,000 person-years.

Table 3.  Joint effect between comorbidity in association with PE in study population

Variable	event	incidence^†	HR (95% CI)
COPD	Hypertension
No	No	393	2.63	ref
No	Yes	157	6.30	1.75 (1.44–2.13)
Yes	No	801	11.18	4.10 (3.61–4.65)
Yes	Yes	738	13.83	4.16 (3.62–4.78)
COPD	CAD
No	No	472	2.91	ref
No	Yes	78	6.47	1.69 (1.32–2.16)
Yes	No	1033	10.93	3.60 (3.20–4.04)
Yes	Yes	506	16.59	4.75 (4.13–5.46)
COPD	DM
No	No	436	2.98	ref
No	Yes	114	4.07	1.17 (0.95–1.44)
Yes	No	1207	12.29	3.63 (3.23–4.08)
Yes	Yes	332	12.37	3.27 (2.81–3.82)
COPD	Cancer
No	No	510	3.03	ref
No	Yes	40	6.78	1.75 (1.27–2.42)
Yes	No	1453	12.08	3.52 (3.15–3.93)
Yes	Yes	86	18.33	4.56 (3.60–5.77)
COPD	stroke
No	No	477	2.92	ref
No	Yes	73	6.60	1.58 (1.22–2.03)
Yes	No	1240	12.37	3.79 (3.38–4.25)
Yes	Yes	299	12.05	2.89 (2.47–3.40)
COPD	hyperlipidemia
No	No	528	3.12	ref
No	Yes	22	4.60	1.07 (0.70–1.65)
Yes	No	1415	12.38	3.48 (3.12–3.88)
Yes	Yes	124	11.52	3.06 (2.48–3.78)
COPD	operation
No	No	271	2.47	ref
No	Yes	279	4.33	1.43 (1.21–1.70)
Yes	No	365	10.13	3.94 (3.35–4.62)
Yes	Yes	1174	13.19	4.50(3.90–5.19)

^†per 10,000 person–years.

Model adjusted for sex, age and comorbidities.