The Association between Periodontal Disease and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Case Control Study

Figures & data

Table 1.  Demographic and clinical variables of patients with COPD vs. controls

Variable	Control (n = 38)	COPD Patients (n = 52)	p value
Age in years (mean ± SD)	53.5 ± 9.2	57.5 ± 9.7	0.08
Gender
(n; male/female)	32/6	49/3	0.1
(%; male)	85%	92%
Time since cessation of smoking in years (mean ± SD)	6.8 ± 6.3	4.9 ± 4.3	0.07
Education (n)
Primary School	18	28	0.3
High School	9	11
Bachelor's degree	11	13
Number of teeth (mean ± SD)	22.2 ± 4.2	17.9 ± 5.1	<0.001
PI (mean ± SD)	1.3 ± 0.2	1.5 ± 0.4	<0.1001
GI (mean ± SD)	1.2 ± 0.2	1.4 ± 0.3	0.023
BoP (%, mean ± SD)	38.0 ± 20	49.0 ± 29.4	0.14
PD (mm, mean ± SD)	2.8 ± 0.4	2.7 ± 0.6	0.12
CAL (mm, mean ± SD)	3.4 ± 0.8	3.5 ± 1.2	0.7
PD ≥ 4 mm (%, mean ± SD)	15.7 ± 10.5	14.3 ± 15.9	0.14

Values in bold indicate a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05).

Table 2.  Biochemical  parameters of patients with COPD and controls (mean ± SD)

	Control (n = 38)	COPD (n = 52)	p value
GCF IL-1β (pg/site)	0.28 ± 0.44	0.29 ± 0.33	0.000
GCF PGE2 (ng/site)	0.79 ± 0.26	0.89 ± 0.21	0.000
GCF hs-CRP (ng/site)	0.24 ± 0.30	0.76 ± 0.95	0.001
Serum hs-CRP (mg/L)	3.20 ± 2.50	7.20 ± 8.60	0.035

Values in bold indicate a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05).

Table 3.  Demographical and clinical parameters of COPD subgroups

Variable	Group-I (n = 29)	Group-II (n = 23)	p value
Age in years (mean ± SD)	57.8 ± 8.7	57.2 ± 11.2	0.5
Time since cessation of smoking in years (mean ± SD)	5.2 ± 5.6	9.0 ± 6.6	0.04
FEV1	1.7 ± 0.6	1.1 ± 0.6	0.001
FEV1 predicted%	61.9 ± 12.1	37.5 ± 16.1	<0.000
Number of teeth (mean ± SD)	18.3 ± 4.9	17.3 ± 5.5	0.5
PI (mean ± SD)	1.5 ± 0.4	1.6 ± 0.5	0.6
GI (mean ± SD)	1.4 ± 0.3	1.4 ± 0.4	0.3
BoP (%, mean ± SD)	45.6 ± 28.3	54.9 ± 30.9	0.2
PD (mm, mean ± SD)	2.8 ± 0.7	2.5 ± 0.6	0.2
CAL (mm, mean ± SD)	3.6 ± 1.2	3.3 ± 1.1	0.3
PD ^3 4 mm (%, mean ± SD)	16.3 ± 17.8	11.4 ± 11.9	0.3

Group-I patients vs group-II patients.

Values in bold indicate a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05).

Table 4.   Biochemical parameters of COPD subgroups (mean ± SD)

	Group-I(n = 29)	Group-II (n = 23)	p value
GCF IL-1β (pg/site)	0.38 ± 0.40	0.17 ± 0.15	0.03
GCF PGE2 (ng/site)	0.93 ± 0.20	0.84 ± 0.22	0.2
GCF hs-CRP (ng/site)	0.67 ± 0.84	0.89 ± 1.08	0.6
Serum hs-CRP (mg/L)	5.09 ± 7.20	10.05 ± 9.54	0.02

Group-I patients vs group-II patients.

Values in bold indicate a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05).