Clustering of Unhealthy Lifestyle Behaviors is Associated with a Low Adherence to Recommended Preventive Practices Among COPD Patients in Spain

Figures & data

Table 1.   Prevalence of selected unhealthy behaviours according to sociodemographic variables and self-rated health among Spanish adults with COPD

	Smoking habit				Alcohol consumption				No exercise				BMI ≥ 30 kg/m^2
	2006		2009		2006		2009		2006		2009		2006		2009
	N	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Age
40–59 years	150	44.12%	156	43.82%	179*	52.65%	110	32.54%	157	46.18%	184	51.69%	81	25.55%	94	28.06%
≥ 60 years	109	11.12%	103	11.46%	421*	42.96%	215	26.64%	435*	44.39%	667	74.19%	213	28.48%	236	31.05%
Sex
Female	114	15.88%	94	14.24%	223	31.06%	74	12.17%	350*	48.75%	420	63.64%	155	28.97%	182	33.09%
Male	145	24.09%	165	27.73%	377*	62.62%	251	46.74%	242*	40.20%	431	72.44%	139	26.23%	148	27.16%
Marital status
Unpaired	108	19.71%	115	20.57%	211*	38.50%	116	23.20%	243*	44.34%	385	68.87%	109	26.46%	145	31.59%
Married or with a partner	150	19.51%	144	20.69%	388*	50.46%	209	32.40%	347*	45.12%	466	66.95%	185	28.37%	185	29.09%
Educational level
No studies	40	9.48%	56	10.69%	169*	40.05%	95	20.52%	220*	52.13%	385	73.47%	93	31.96%	149	35.82%
Primary studies	108	18.37%	81	21.49%	272*	46.26%	113	32.75%	245*	41.67%	249	66.05%	144	29.33%	104	29.89%
Secondary or more studies	111	36.39%	122	34.46%	159*	52.13%	117	34.72%	123*	40.33%	217	61.30%	56	20.07%	77	23.26%
Monthly income, €
< 850	92	15.01%	57	14.81%	260*	42.41%	83	23.38%	265*	43.23%	266	69.09%	143	30.23%	92	29.11%
850–1400	53	22.46%	69	21.17%	113*	47.88%	80	26.58%	108*	45.76%	224	68.71%	59*	30.57%	89	31.01%
> 1400	92	27.79%	96	25.00%	170*	51.36%	123	35.04%	152*	45.92%	246	64.06%	67	22.87%	108	30.42%
Self-rated health
Good	78	27.96%	93	28.53%	162*	58.06%	110	35.83%	91*	32.62%	182	55.83%	50	21.19%	59	19.80%
Poor	181	17.39%	166	17.87%	438*	42.07%	215	25.66%	501*	48.13%	669	72.01%	244*	29.43%	271	34.00%
Chronic diseases
None	96	26.89%	113	29.89%	196*	54.90%	131	36.39%	146*	40.90%	226	59.79%	65	22.41%	73	21.16%
1	112	22.76%	73	17.94%	235*	47.76%	115	30.59%	206*	41.87%	276	67.81%	105	25.80%	98	27.07%
≥ 2	51*	10.83%	73	15.53%	169*	35.88%	79	19.32%	240*	50.96%	349	74.26%	124*	33.70%	159	40.98%
Total	259	19.62%	259	20.64%	600*	45.45%	325	28.38%	592*	44.85%	851	67.81%	294	27.61%	330	30.14%

*Significant associations 2006–2009, p < 0.05.

Results from the 2006 NHS and 2009 EHISS.

Table 2.   Prevalence of nonadherence to selected preventive clinical practices according to sociodemographic variables and self-rated health among Spanish adults with COPD

	No influenza vaccine last season				No blood pressure check-up last year				No lipid profile last year				No dental examination last year
	2006		2009		2006		2009		2006		2009		2006		2009
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Age
40–59 years	227*	66.76%	196	55.06%	68	20.00%	69	19.38%	94*	27.65%	75	21.07%	202	59.41%	207	58.15%
≥ 60 years	253*	25.82%	147	16.35%	87	8.88%	71	7.90%	213*	21.73%	130	14.46%	730*	74.49%	624	69.41%
Sex
Female	288*	40.11%	186	28.18%	95*	13.23%	59	8.94%	166*	23.12%	97	14.70%	485*	67.55%	413	62.58%
Male	192*	31.89%	157	26.39%	60*	9.97%	81	13.61%	141*	23.42%	108	18.15%	447	74.25%	418	70.25%
Marital status
Unpaired	199*	36.31%	153	27.37%	68	12.41%	65	11.63%	142*	25.91%	95	16.99%	398	72.63%	378	67.62%
Married or with a partner	279*	36.28%	190	27.30%	85	11.05%	75	10.78%	163*	21.20%	110	15.80%	532	69.18%	453	65.09%
Educational level
No studies	100*	23.70%	87	16.60%	35	8.29%	50	9.54%	94*	22.27%	81	15.46%	343*	81.28%	391	74.62%
Primary studies	209	35.54%	113	29.97%	70	11.90%	45	11.94%	135*	22.96%	59	15.65%	423	71.94%	254	67.37%
Secondary or more studies	167*	54.75%	143	40.40%	47	15.41%	45	12.71%	75*	24.59%	65	18.36%	164	53.77%	186	52.54%
Monthly income, €
< 850	184*	30.02%	81	21.04%	60	9.79%	51	13.25%	137	22.35%	70	18.18%	460	75.04%	282	73.25%
850–1400	92*	38.98%	95	29.14%	26	11.02%	30	9.20%	55	23.31%	56	17.18%	163	69.07%	222	68.10%
> 1400	153*	46.22%	117	30.47%	48	14.50%	41	10.68%	80*	24.17%	50	13.02%	215*	64.95%	213	55.47%
Self-rated health
Good	136*	48.75%	129	39.57%	65	23.30%	58	17.79%	86*	30.82%	77	23.62%	188*	67.38%	194	59.51%
Poor	344*	33.05%	214	23.04%	90	8.65%	82	8.83%	221*	21.23%	128	13.78%	744	71.47%	637	68.57%
Chronic diseases
None	167*	46.78%	134	35.45%	61	17.09%	62	16.40%	109*	30.53%	83	21.96%	247	69.19%	238	62.96%
1	188*	38.21%	118	28.99%	63	12.80%	55	13.51%	129*	26.22%	79	19.41%	350	71.14%	275	67.57%
≥ 2	125*	26.54%	91	19.36%	31	6.58%	23	4.89%	69*	14.65%	43	9.15%	335	71.13%	318	67.66%
Total	480*	36.36%	343	27.33%	155	11.74%	140	11.16%	307*	23.26%	205	16.33%	932*	70.61%	831	66.22%

*Significant associations 2006–2009, p < 0.05.

Results from the 2006 NHS and 2009 EHISS.

Table 3.   Association between number of unhealthy behaviours and nonadherence to selected clinical preventive practices among Spanish adults with COPD

	No infuenza vaccine last season			No blood pressure check-up last year			No lipid profile last year			No dental examination last year
Number unhealthy Behaviors	n (%)		OR (95% CI)	n (%)		OR (95% CI)	n (%)		OR (95% CI)	n (%)		OR (95% CI)
None	162	19.68	1	66	22.37	1	123	24.02	1	365	20.70	1
One	354	43.01	1.19 (0.92–1.55)	117	39.66	0.86 (0.60–1.23)	197	38.48	0.77 (0.58–1.02)	825	46.80	1.35 (1.06–1.72)*
Two	231	28.07	1.32 (0.99–1.76)	91	30.85	1.07 (0.73–1.57)	154	30.08	1.15 (0.85–1.56)	450	25.52	1.39 (1.06–1.83)*
Three or four	76	9.23	1.63 (1.06–2.50)*	21	7.12	0.74 (0.40–1.36)	38	7.42	1.05 (0.66–1.68)	123	6.98	1.27 (0.85–1.90)
P-value for linear trend	< 0.05			NS			NS			< 0.05

NS indicates not significant.

^aOdds ratio (95% CI) estimated using logistic regression, adjusted for age, sex, education level, monthly income, and self-rated health.

*Significant association, I < 0.05.

Results from the 2006 NHS and 2009 EHISS.

Figure 1.   Odds ratio (95% CI) for nonadherence to one, two, and three to four preventive recommendations of COPD subjects with one, two or three to four unhealthy behavioral lifestyle practices compared to those with none of them. Results from the 2006 NHS and 2009 EHISS. ♦ Odds ratio. * Significant association, p < 0.05.