Paraoxonase 1 Activity in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Figures & data

Table 1.  Demographic characteristics, lung function, lipid and oxidative stress parameters of healthy and COPD individuals

	Controls n = 44	COPD n = 105	p
Age	52 (46–56)	71 (65–76)	<0.001
Gender (n, %)
male	20 (45)	79 (75)	<0.001
female	24 (55)	26 (25)
Smoking status (n, %)
Smokers	16 (36)	32 (30)	0.544
Ex-smokers	13 (30)	27 (26)
Non-smokers	15 (34)	46 (44)
BMI (kg/m2)	27.5 (25.7–30.3)	24.2 (21.5–27.2)	<0.001
FEV1 (% pred.)	105 ± 16	40 ± 14	<0.001
FEV1/FVC (%)	86 (82–89)	63 (56–68)	<0.001
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.7 (1.2–2.5)	1.1 (0.8–1.4)	<0.001
Cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.5 ｱ 1.0	4.9 ± 1.1	0.002
HDL (mmol/L)	1.5 (1.2–1.7)	1.5 (1.1–1.8)	0.784
LDL (mmol/L)	3.2 (2.4–3.7)	2.7 (2.3–3.4)	0.030
Thiols (mmol/L)	0.158 ± 0.052	0.085 ± 0.047	<0.001

Data are shown as the median (interquartile range), as the mean ± standard deviation or as the absolute numbers (percentages); checked by the Mann-Whitney Rank Sum test, t-test or Chi-square test. BMI, body mass index; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity.

Table 2.  PON1 paraoxonase and arylesterase activity in healthy subjects and COPD patients subdivided or not by disease severity (GOLD stages)

	Total controls	Total COPD	p*	COPD GOLD II	COPD GOLD III	COPD GOLD IV	p**
	n = 44	n = 105		n = 27	n = 50	n = 28
POX (U/L)	90 (71–160)	72 (47–133)	0.005	63 (54–109)	77 (43–154)	80 (56–137)	0.021^a
POX/HDL (U/mmol)	61 (51–114)	47 (34–97)	0.002	44 (34–75)	56 (32–104)	51 (35–106)	0.019^a
POX1 (U/L)	167 (131–317)	137 (88–272)	0.013	114 (96–220)	145 (77–308)	145 (102–277)	0.048^a
POX1/HDL (U/mmol)	110 (91–223)	91 (61–193)	0.006	85 (62–153)	105 (59–202)	92 (68–213)	0.039
ARE (kU/L)	40 (30–53)	20 (14–27)	<0.001	23 (16–28)	20 (15–28)	17 (13–25)	<0.001^b
ARE/HDL (kU/mmol)	28 (19–34)	14 (10–18)	<0.001	15 (11–21)	14 (10–19)	14 (8–17)	<0.001^b

Data are shown as the median (interquartile range).

p* total COPD patients compared to total control subjects; test by Mann–Whitney Rank Sum test

p** different COPD GOLD stages compared to total control subjects; test by Kruskall–Wallis One Way Analysis of Variance on Ranks.

^aPost hoc testing by Dunn's method: significantly different POX, POX/HDL and POX1 values between total control subjects and COPD GOLD II stage.

^bPost hoc testing by Dunn's method: significantly different ARE and ARE/HDL values between total control subjects and COPD GOLD II, GOLD III and GOLD IV stages.

Table 3.  PON1 paraoxonase and arylesterase activity in control and COPD groups subdivided by smoking status

Control subjects	Smokers n = 16	Ex-smokers n = 13	Non-smokers n = 15	p
POX (U/L)	71 (65–89)	91 (77–167)	148 (91–250)	0.003^a
POX/HDL (U/mmol)	52 (45–68)	73 (55–129)	103 (57–189)	0.005^a
POX1 (U/L)	131 (112–171)	164 (144–325)	289 (169–442)	0.004^a
POX1/HDL (U/mmol)	90 (80–118)	137 (99–251)	202 (104–324)	0.004^a
ARE (kU/L)	33 ± 14	50 ± 10	39 ± 15	0.006^b
ARE/HDL (kU/mmol)	20 (17–29)	33 (29–51)	27 (21–34)	0.006^c
COPD	Smokers n = 32	Ex-smokers n = 27	Non-smokers n = 46	p
POX (U/L)	71 (49–95)	64 (39–128)	83 (50–154)	0.720
POX/HDL (U/mmol)	42 (34–67)	58 (29–91)	59 (35–104)	0.637
POX1 (U/L)	131 (89–198)	116 (69–267)	152 (94–308)	0.697
POX1/HDL (U/mmol)	75 (61–132)	108 (50–186)	108 (64–206)	0.586
ARE (kU/L)	21 ± 8	20 ± 12	22 ± 11	0.832
ARE/HDL (kU/mmol)	15 ± 8	15 ± 10	15 ± 6	0.971

Data are shown as the median (interquartile range) or as the mean ± standard deviation; checked by the Kruskal-Wallis One Way Analysis of Variance on Ranks or One Way Analysis of Variance.

^aPost hoc testing by Dunn's method: significantly different POX, POX/HDL, POX1 and POX1/HDL values between control smokers and non-smokers.

^bPost hoc testing by the Holm-Sidak method: significantly different ARE values between control smokers and ex-smokers as well as between control ex-smokers and non-smokers.

^cPost hoc testing by Dunn's method: significantly different ARE/HDL values between control smokers and ex-smokers.

Table 4.  Diagnostic accuracy of PON1 paraoxonase and arylesterase activity

	AUC (95% CI)	Sensitivity (95% CI)	Specificity (95% CI)	Cut-off value
POX (U/L)	0.65 (0.57–0.73)	41.9 (32.3–51.9)	90.9 (78.3–97.4)	≤63
POX1 (U/L)	0.63 (0.55–0.71)	44.8 (35.0–54.8)	86.4 (72.6–94.8)	≤119
ARE (kU/L)	0.85 (0.78–0.90)	79.1 (70.0–86.4)	79.6 (64.7–90.2)	≤28

Diagnostic accuracy was assessed on the basis of the AUC values.

Table 5.  Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of PON1 paraoxonase and arylesterase activity

	Univariate regression analysis		Multivariate regression analysis
	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p
POX (U/L)	0.99 (0.99–0.10)	0.020	–	–
POX1 (U/L)	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	0.036	–	–
ARE (kU/L)	0.90 (0.86–0.93)	<0.001	0.90 (0.86–0.93)	<0.001

Data are presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval).