Prevalence and Determinants of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in Bangladesh

Figures & data

Table 1.  Characteristics of the respondents by area of residence

Characteristics	Total N = 3744	Urban N = 1895	Rural N = 1849	p Value
Age (years)	53.7 ± 10.3	52.2 ± 9.7	55.2 ± 10.7	0.000
Age Group				0.000
40-49 years	1582 (42.3)	900 (47.5)	682 (36.9)
50-59 years	1195 (31.9)	586 (30.9)	609 (3.0)
≥ 60 years	966 (25.8)	409 (21.6)	557 (30.1)
Male	1710 (45.7)	862 (45.5)	848 (45.9)	0.818
Occupation				0.000
Manual	1147 (30.6)	472 (24.9)	675 (36.5)
Non-Manual^a	2597 (69.4)	1423 (75.1)	1174 (63.5)
Education (year)	4.0 ± 4.7	5.3 ± 5.3	2.8 ± 3.6	0.000
Education Category				0.000
Illiterate	1775 (47.4)	786 (41.5)	989 (53.5)
Primary (1–5 years)	802 (21.4)	288 (15.2)	514 (27.8)
Secondary (6–10 years)	808 (21.6)	517 (27.3)	291 (15.7)
High educated (> 11 years)	359 (9.6)	304 (16.0)	55 (3.0)
Income ‘000 Taka^b	16.4 ± 16.0	21.4 ± 15.9	11.3 ± 14.5	0.000
Income Group				0.000
Low (≤ 10000tk)	1781 (47.6)	501 (26.5)	1280 (69.2)
Middle (10001-30000 tk)	1633 (43.7)	1111 (58.7)	522 (28.2)
High (≥30001)	326 (8.7)	279 (14.8)	47 (2.5)
Body Mass Index in kg/m^2	22.6 ± 4.7	24.5 ± 4.9	20.6 ± 3.6	0.000
BMI Category				0.000
Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m^2)	756 (20.1)	197 (10.4)	559 (30.2)
Overweight (≥ 25 kg/m^2)	1059 (28.2)	844 (44.5)	209 (11.3)
Smoking Status				0.784
Current Smoker	848 (22.7)	434 (22.9)	414 (22.4)
Former Smoker	550 (14.6)	284 (15.0)	266 (14.4)
Pack-Years Smoked by Smokers	19.7 ± 17.7	20.1 ± 19.0	19.3 ± 16.1	0.361
Fuel Type				0.000
Clean Fuel	1780 (48.7)	1745 (96.4)	35 (1.9)
Biomass Fuel	1874 (51.3)	66 (3.6)	1808 (98.1)
History of Asthma	282 (7.5)	168 (8.9)	114 (6.2)	0.002
Lung Function
FVC (mean ± SD)	2.55 ± 0.73	2.45 ± 0.70	2.64 ± 0.73	0.000
FEV1 (mean ± SD)	1.91 ± 0.59	1.88 ± 0.58	1.94 ± 0.60	0.001
FEV1/FVC (mean ± SD)	75.09 ± 10.82	76.75 ± 10.60	73.38 ± 10.77	0.000

Mean ± SD.

Numbers in the parenthesis are percentages.

^aNon-manual category included sedentary workers, professionals (e.g., doctors, teachers, etc.), housewives, retired persons, those unable to work and unemployed.

^bBangladesh currency Taka 80.00 = USD 1.00.

Figure 1.  Study flow chart.

Figure 2  a. Prevalence and stage of COPD (by GOLD criteria). b. Prevalence and stage of COPD (by LLN criteria).

Figure 3  a. Prevalence of COPD by smoking status and type of fuel use (by GOLD criteria). b. Prevalence of COPD by smoking status and type of fuel use (by LLN criteria).

Table 2.  Prevalence of COPD by different criteria and sociodemographic characteristics

	Total N = 3594	COPD (By GOLD) n = 486	COPD (By LLN) n = 369
Age Group
40–49 years	1535	80 (5.2)	73 (4.8)
50–59 years	1145	156 (13.6)	129 (11.3)
60–69 years	913	251 (27.5)	167 (18.3)
Sex
Male	1643	362 (22.0)	266 (16.2)
Female	1951	125 (6.4)	103 (5.3)
Area
Rural	1833	312 (17.0)	229 (12.5)
Urban	1761	175 (9.9)	140 (8.0)
Education
Illiterate	1697	273 (16.1)	212 (12.5)
Literate	1897	214 (11.3)	157 (8.3)
Occupation
Manual	1106	275 (24.9)	200 (18.1)
Non-Manual	2488	212 (8.5)	169 (6.8)
Income
Low	1729	281 (16.3)	208 (12.0)
High	1861	206 (11.1)	161 (8.7)
BMI
Normal	1860	230 (12.4)	157 (8.4)
Underweight	738	198 (26.8)	164 (22.2)
Overweight/Obese	996	59 (5.9)	48 (4.8)
Smoking Status
Never	2247	136 (6.1)	105 (4.7)
Current	821	204 (24.8)	168 (20.5)
Former	524	147 (28.1)	96 (18.3)
Biomass Fuel Exposure
Biomass Fuel	1854	321 (17.3)	236 (12.7)
Clean Fuel	1659	164 (9.9)	131 (7.9)
H/O of Asthma
Yes	262	101 (38.5)	88 (33.6)
No	3332	386 (11.6)	281 (8.4)

Numbers in the parenthesis are row percentage.

Table 3.  Determinants of COPD (adjusted model)

	GOLD	LLN
	OR (95) CI)	p Value	OR (95) CI)	p Value
Age
40–49 years	1		1
50–59 years	2.2 (1.6–3.0)	0.000	1.9 (1.4 –2.7)	0.000
>=60 years	4.7 (3.5–6.4)	0.000	2.9 (2.1–4.0)	0.000
Illiterate	1.4 (1.1–1.7)	0.008	1.4 (1.1–1.8)	0.005
BMI
Normal	1		1
Underweight	1.9 (1.5–2.4)	0.000	2.4 (1.8–3.1)	0.000
Overweight	0.7 (0.5–1.0)	0.066	0.8 (0.6–1.2)	0.389
Smoking Status				0.000
Non-Smoker	1		1
Current	5.5 (4.2–7.2)	0.000	5.3 (3.9–7.1)	0.000
Former	4.5 (3.3–6.0)	0.000	3.5 (2.5–4.8)	0.000
Solid Fuel Use	1.5 (1.2–1.9)	0.001	1.3 (1.0–1.8)	0.031
H/O of Asthma	6.9 (4.9–9.5)	0.000	7.7 (5.5–10.7)	0.000

In conditional logistic regression, variables that did not contribute in the model further (sex, area of residence, occupation, household income) were not shown in the table.