Figures & data
Table 1. Memory parameter measures for the ICIR rats.
Figure 1. Nissl (cresyl violet) staining of neurons in different brain areas in rats. Representative micrographs are shown. Control rats: (A) (top row); sham-operated rats: (B) (middle row); ICIR [icv colchicine injected]: (C) (last row). Frontal cortex: 1 (left column), parietal cortex: 2 (middle column), occipital cortex: 3 (right column). Letter and number indicate group and specific brain region (e.g. A1: Frontal cortex, control rat). Magnification: 400 × , length of bar = 16.18 μm. Arrows indicate Nissl granules.
![Figure 1. Nissl (cresyl violet) staining of neurons in different brain areas in rats. Representative micrographs are shown. Control rats: (A) (top row); sham-operated rats: (B) (middle row); ICIR [icv colchicine injected]: (C) (last row). Frontal cortex: 1 (left column), parietal cortex: 2 (middle column), occipital cortex: 3 (right column). Letter and number indicate group and specific brain region (e.g. A1: Frontal cortex, control rat). Magnification: 400 × , length of bar = 16.18 μm. Arrows indicate Nissl granules.](/cms/asset/14ed3962-2cef-4776-b3f1-ecb845e3bbfc/iimt_a_1030804_f0001_c.jpg)
Figure 2. Nissl (cresyl violet) staining of neurons in different brain areas in rats. Representative micrographs are shown. Control rats: (A) (top row); sham-operated rats: (B) (middle row); ICIR [icv colchicine injected] rats: (C) (last row). Hippocampus: 4 (left column), corpus striatum: 5 (middle column), amygdala: 6 (right column). Letter and number indicate group and specific brain region (e.g. A4: Hippocampus, control rat). Magnification: 400 × , length of bar = 16.18 μm. Arrows indicate Nissl granules.
![Figure 2. Nissl (cresyl violet) staining of neurons in different brain areas in rats. Representative micrographs are shown. Control rats: (A) (top row); sham-operated rats: (B) (middle row); ICIR [icv colchicine injected] rats: (C) (last row). Hippocampus: 4 (left column), corpus striatum: 5 (middle column), amygdala: 6 (right column). Letter and number indicate group and specific brain region (e.g. A4: Hippocampus, control rat). Magnification: 400 × , length of bar = 16.18 μm. Arrows indicate Nissl granules.](/cms/asset/67d938b6-21b9-4ebe-a26f-d0535a126fd0/iimt_a_1030804_f0002_c.jpg)
Figure 3. Intensity of Nissl granules in different brain areas of rats. Significant difference (p < 0.001) between control (C)/sham-operated (S) rats vs ICIR hosts in (a) frontal cortex, (b) parietal cortex, (c) corpus striatum, (d) amygdala and (e) hippocampus. In ICIR hosts, significant difference (p < 0.001) between (f) hippocampus/(g) frontal cortex vs amygdala, corpus stratum, occipital cortex. In ICIR hosts, significant difference (p < 0.01) between (h) parietal cortex vs corpus striatum. In control/sham operated hosts, significant difference (p < 0.01) between (i) hippocampus vs frontal, parietal and occipital cortex. A,Amygdala; CS, Corpus striatum; FC, Frontal cortex; H, Hippocampus; OC, Occipital cortex; PC, Parietal cortex. Values shown are means ± SEM (n = 6/group).
![Figure 3. Intensity of Nissl granules in different brain areas of rats. Significant difference (p < 0.001) between control (C)/sham-operated (S) rats vs ICIR hosts in (a) frontal cortex, (b) parietal cortex, (c) corpus striatum, (d) amygdala and (e) hippocampus. In ICIR hosts, significant difference (p < 0.001) between (f) hippocampus/(g) frontal cortex vs amygdala, corpus stratum, occipital cortex. In ICIR hosts, significant difference (p < 0.01) between (h) parietal cortex vs corpus striatum. In control/sham operated hosts, significant difference (p < 0.01) between (i) hippocampus vs frontal, parietal and occipital cortex. A,Amygdala; CS, Corpus striatum; FC, Frontal cortex; H, Hippocampus; OC, Occipital cortex; PC, Parietal cortex. Values shown are means ± SEM (n = 6/group).](/cms/asset/fe3b73e9-8240-4ac8-b46a-97ff8a893e97/iimt_a_1030804_f0003_b.jpg)
Figure 4. Staining (Congo red) of plaques in different brain areas in rats. Representative micrographs are shown. Control rats: (A) (top row); sham-operated rats: (B) (middle row); icv colchicine injected rats: (C) (last row). Frontal cortex: 1 (left column), parietal cortex: 2 (middle column), occipital cortex: 3 (right column). Letter and number indicate group and specific brain region (e.g, A1: Frontal cortex, control rat). Magnification: 400×, length of bar = 16.18 μm. Arrows indicate plaques.
![Figure 4. Staining (Congo red) of plaques in different brain areas in rats. Representative micrographs are shown. Control rats: (A) (top row); sham-operated rats: (B) (middle row); icv colchicine injected rats: (C) (last row). Frontal cortex: 1 (left column), parietal cortex: 2 (middle column), occipital cortex: 3 (right column). Letter and number indicate group and specific brain region (e.g, A1: Frontal cortex, control rat). Magnification: 400×, length of bar = 16.18 μm. Arrows indicate plaques.](/cms/asset/bed2041a-116f-40de-92a4-5eb9085f03ab/iimt_a_1030804_f0004_c.jpg)
Figure 5. Staining (Congo red) of plaques in different brain areas in rats. Representative micrographs are shown. Control rats: (A) (top row); sham-operated rats: (B) (middle row); icv colchicine injected rats: (C) (last row). Hippocampus: 4 (left column), corpus striatum: 5 (middle column), amygdala: 6 (right column). Letter and number indicate group and specific brain region (e.g. A4: Hippocampus, control rat). Magnification: 400×, length of bar = 16.18 μm. Arrows indicate plaques.
![Figure 5. Staining (Congo red) of plaques in different brain areas in rats. Representative micrographs are shown. Control rats: (A) (top row); sham-operated rats: (B) (middle row); icv colchicine injected rats: (C) (last row). Hippocampus: 4 (left column), corpus striatum: 5 (middle column), amygdala: 6 (right column). Letter and number indicate group and specific brain region (e.g. A4: Hippocampus, control rat). Magnification: 400×, length of bar = 16.18 μm. Arrows indicate plaques.](/cms/asset/aac7f422-be6a-4a56-a527-7d19df854b74/iimt_a_1030804_f0005_c.jpg)
Figure 6. Number of plaques in different brain areas of intracerebroventricular colchicine injected rats (ICIR). Significant difference (p < 0.001) between hippocampus vs (a) frontal cortex; (b) parietal cortex; (c) corpus striatum; and (d) amygdala. Significant at p < 0.001 between amygdala vs (e) parietal cortex or (f) corpus striatum in ICIR hosts. Values shown are means ± SEM (n = 6/group). Abbreviations are as outlined in legend to .
![Figure 6. Number of plaques in different brain areas of intracerebroventricular colchicine injected rats (ICIR). Significant difference (p < 0.001) between hippocampus vs (a) frontal cortex; (b) parietal cortex; (c) corpus striatum; and (d) amygdala. Significant at p < 0.001 between amygdala vs (e) parietal cortex or (f) corpus striatum in ICIR hosts. Values shown are means ± SEM (n = 6/group). Abbreviations are as outlined in legend to Figure 3.](/cms/asset/81f50320-0ce3-47a3-bc11-f688b2f420c5/iimt_a_1030804_f0006_b.jpg)
Figure 7. TNFα levels in different brain areas of rats. Significant difference between control (C)/sham-operated (S) rats vs ICIR hosts in (a) frontal cortex (p < 0.05), (b) amygdala (p < 0.001) and (c) hippocampus (p < 0.001). Significant difference (p < 0.001) between (d) hippo-campus/(e) amygdala vs frontal cortex, parietal cortex, occipital cortex and corpus striatum in ICIR hosts. Values shown are means ± SEM (n = 6/group). Abbreviations are as outlined in legend to .
![Figure 7. TNFα levels in different brain areas of rats. Significant difference between control (C)/sham-operated (S) rats vs ICIR hosts in (a) frontal cortex (p < 0.05), (b) amygdala (p < 0.001) and (c) hippocampus (p < 0.001). Significant difference (p < 0.001) between (d) hippo-campus/(e) amygdala vs frontal cortex, parietal cortex, occipital cortex and corpus striatum in ICIR hosts. Values shown are means ± SEM (n = 6/group). Abbreviations are as outlined in legend to Figure 3.](/cms/asset/f42fdbf7-1b8d-4b54-b2ef-bba13979bdb6/iimt_a_1030804_f0007_b.jpg)
Figure 8. IL 1β levels in different brain areas of rats. (a) Significant difference (p < 0.001) between hippocampus levels in C and S rats vs in ICIR hosts. (b) Significant difference (p < 0.001) between hippocampus vs amygdala, frontal cortex, parietal cortex, occipital cortex and corpus striatum in ICIR hosts. (c) Significant difference (p < 0.05) between parietal cortex vs corpus striatum and occipital cortex in ICIR hosts. (d) Significant difference (p < 0.05) between hippocampus vs frontal cortex in control/sham operated rats. (e) Significant difference (p < 0.01) between hippocampus vs parietal cortex in C and S rats. Values shown are means ± SEM (n = 6/group). Abbreviations are as outlined in legend to .
![Figure 8. IL 1β levels in different brain areas of rats. (a) Significant difference (p < 0.001) between hippocampus levels in C and S rats vs in ICIR hosts. (b) Significant difference (p < 0.001) between hippocampus vs amygdala, frontal cortex, parietal cortex, occipital cortex and corpus striatum in ICIR hosts. (c) Significant difference (p < 0.05) between parietal cortex vs corpus striatum and occipital cortex in ICIR hosts. (d) Significant difference (p < 0.05) between hippocampus vs frontal cortex in control/sham operated rats. (e) Significant difference (p < 0.01) between hippocampus vs parietal cortex in C and S rats. Values shown are means ± SEM (n = 6/group). Abbreviations are as outlined in legend to Figure 3.](/cms/asset/02d89601-fc2d-423d-9e9e-3c4c7a87c636/iimt_a_1030804_f0008_b.jpg)
Figure 9. ROS levels in different brain areas of rats. (a) Significant difference (p < 0.001) between hippocampus levels in C and S rats vs in ICIR hosts. (b) Significant difference (p < 0.001) between hippocampus vs amygdala, frontal cortex, parietal cortex, occipital cortex and corpus striatum in ICIR hosts. Values shown are means ± SEM (n = 6/group). Abbreviations are as outlined in legend to .
![Figure 9. ROS levels in different brain areas of rats. (a) Significant difference (p < 0.001) between hippocampus levels in C and S rats vs in ICIR hosts. (b) Significant difference (p < 0.001) between hippocampus vs amygdala, frontal cortex, parietal cortex, occipital cortex and corpus striatum in ICIR hosts. Values shown are means ± SEM (n = 6/group). Abbreviations are as outlined in legend to Figure 3.](/cms/asset/30d075dc-0b78-4ead-8ae5-7d5aaf7f4059/iimt_a_1030804_f0009_b.jpg)
Figure 10. Nitrite levels in different brain areas of rats. (a) Significant difference (p < 0.001) between hippocampus levels in C and S rats vs in ICIR hosts. (b) Significant difference (p < 0.001) between hippocampus vs amygdala, frontal cortex, parietal cortex, occipital cortex and corpus striatum in ICIR hosts. Values shown are means ± SEM (n = 6/group). Abbreviations are as outlined in legend to .
![Figure 10. Nitrite levels in different brain areas of rats. (a) Significant difference (p < 0.001) between hippocampus levels in C and S rats vs in ICIR hosts. (b) Significant difference (p < 0.001) between hippocampus vs amygdala, frontal cortex, parietal cortex, occipital cortex and corpus striatum in ICIR hosts. Values shown are means ± SEM (n = 6/group). Abbreviations are as outlined in legend to Figure 3.](/cms/asset/9de3c2b9-5254-4114-b498-5bb6cabc9ebd/iimt_a_1030804_f0010_b.jpg)