The relationship between snus use and smoking cognitions

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow chart respondents T1–T2.

Table I.  Smoking expectancies and smoking prototype perceptions questionnaire with standardized factor loadings

Expectancies

Negative affect reduction (0.84)  Smoking helps calm an angry person down, 0.478  Cigarettes help with concentration, 0.511  Cigarettes help a person forget about problems at home, 0.608  Smoking helps if a person feels bad about himself, 0.543  When someone is sad, smoking helps him feel better, 0.760  When someone is feeling cranky, smoking will help, 0.733  When a person is upset, a cigarette helps him/her deal with it, 0.743 Taste and sensorimotor stimulation (0.75)  Cigarettes taste good, 0.757  The feeling of a cigarette in the mouth is good, 0.779 Social facilitation (0.86)  Parties are more enjoyable when a person is smoking, 0.674  Smoking makes a person feel more comfortable around others, 0.745  People look up to those who smoke, 0.554  Smoking makes a person more friendly or outgoing, 0.674  Smoking makes a person feel older or more mature, 0.552  Hanging out with friends is more fun if everyone is smoking, 0.747  Smoking makes people look tough or cool, 0.618  Most popular people smoke cigarettes, 0.610 Weight control (0.73)  Smoking controls a person's weight or eating habits, 0.779  Smoking keeps a person from eating too much, 0.748 Negative physical feelings (0.76)  Smoking burns a person's throat, 0.698  Cigarettes make a person's lung hurt, 0.831  Smoking will make a person cough, 0.635 Boredom reduction (0.69)  During the day, smoking can help kill time, 0.867  Smoking gives a person something to do with his hands, 0.611 Negative social impression (0.69)  People choose not to smoke because their friends won’t like it, 0.506  Smoking makes people look ridiculous or silly, 0.745  Smoking makes a person seem less attractive, 0.723  RMSEA = 0.05; CFI = 0.93

Smoking prototype perceptions

“Imagine a typical boy who smokes. How would you describe this boy using the following characteristics?” Social attraction (0.81) Cool, 0.783  Popular, 0.866  Attractive, 0.657 Negative (0.60)  Immature, 0.338  Confused, 0.562  Self-centered, 0.670  Dull, 0.557 Positive (0.52)  Sympathetic, 0.663  Self-conceited, 0.317  Smart, 0.414  Independent, 0.414 RMSEA = 0.05; CFI = 0.95

Notes: Goodness-of-fit statistics. Cronbach's alpha is given within parentheses (N = 896).

Table II.  Summary of logistic regression analyses

Variables	B	SE	Exp (B)
Expectancies
Negative affect reduction	−0.016	0.097	0.99
Taste and sensorimotor stimulation	0.695	0.075	2.00***
Social facilitation	0.161	0.102	1.18
Weight control	0.066	0.073	1.07
Negative physical feelings	0.662	0.073	1.94***
Boredom reduction	0.168	0.058	1.18*
Negative social impression	0.161	0.069	1.18*
Prototype perception
Social attraction	0.491	0.058	1.64***
Negative	0.413	0.065	1.51***
Positive	−0.106	0.067	0.90

Notes: Odds ratios of smoking (1) (N = 306) vs. non-smoking (0) (N = 590) in relation to smoking expectancies and smoking prototype perceptions.

*p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001.

Table III.  Median scores of expectancies at T1 and T2 in the groups of snus initiators, regular snus users, non-users, and regular cigarettes smokers

	Snus initiators	Regular snus users	Non-users	Regular cigarette smokers
	(Group 1)	(Group 2)	(Group 3)	(Group 4)
	(N = 54)	(N = 160)	(N = 376)	(N = 306)
Negative affect reduction
Median (mean) T1	2.29 (2.70)	2.86 (2.99)	2.71 (2.81)	3.71 (3.84)
Median (mean) T2	2.92 (2.99)	2.86 (2.96)	2.71 (2.85)	3.86 (3.81)
	p = 0.035	p = 0.86	p = 0.21	p = 0.73
	(t(53) = −1.39; p = 0.17)	(t(159) = 0.33; p = 0.74)	(t(375) = −0.65; p = 0.52)	(t(305) = −0.34; p = 0.74)
Taste and sensorimotor stimulation
Median (mean) T1	1.00 (1.69)	1.00 (1.72)	1.00 (1.85)	4.50 (4.58)
Median (mean) T2	1.00 (1.51)	1.00 (1.82)	1.00 (1.78)	4.50 (4.39)
	p = 0.31	p = 0.41	p = 0.27	p = 0.03
	(t(53) = 0.97; p = 0.34)	(t(159) = −0.77; p = 0.44)	(t(375) = 0.84; p = 0.40)	(t(305) = 1.88; p = 0.06)
Social facilitation
Median (mean) T1	1.63 (1.95)	1.50 (1.96)	1.63 (1.99)	2.87 (2.99)
Median (mean) T2	1.50 (1.86)	1.50 (1.88)	1.50 (1.93)	2.62 (2.81)
	p = 0.49	p = 0.20	p = 0.29	p = 0.02
	(t(53) = 57; p = 0.57)	(t(159) = 0.67; p = 0.50)	(t(375) = 0.91; p = 0.36)	(t(305) = 2.39; p = 0.02)
Weight control
Median (mean) T1	1.50 (2.02)	1.75 (2.49)	2.00 (2.40)	2.50 (2.96)
Median (mean) T2	2.50 (2.44)	2.50 (2.63)	2.00 (2.54)	2.50 (2.83)
	p = 0.10	p = 0.59	p = 0.18	p = 0.15
	(t(53) = −1.73; p = 0.09)	(t(159) = −0.86; p = 0.39)	(t(375) = −1.50; p = 0.14)	(t(305) = 1.21; p = 0.23)
Negative physical feelings
Median (mean) T1	3.17 (3.48)	3.33 (3.61)	3.66 (3.48)	6.00 (5.55)
Median (mean) T2	3.67 (3.86)	3.33 (3.61)	3.33 (3.44)	6.00 (5.58)
	p = 0.11	p = 0.79	p = 0.64	p = 0.65
	(t(53) = −1.33; p = 0.19)	(t(159) = 0.02; p = 0.98)	(t(375) = 0.39; p = 0.70)	(t(305) = −0.29; p = 0.77)
Boredom reduction
Median (mean) T1	2.75 (2.93)	3.5 (3.46)	3.50 (3.32)	5.00 (4.98)
Median (mean) T2	1.75 (2.62)	3.5 (3.38)	3.00 (3.26)	5.00 (5.30)
	p = 0.15	p = 0.57	p = 0.70	p = 0.00
	(t(53) = 1.11; p = 0.27)	(t(159) = 0.42; p = 0.68)	(t(375) = 0.50; p = 0.62)	(t(305) = −2.72; p = 0.01)
Negative social impression
Median (mean) T1	2.33 (2.45)	2.33 (2.83)	2.33 (2.66)	4.00 (4.03)
Median (mean) T2	2.33 (2.69)	2.66 (2.79)	2.33 (2.75)	4.00 (3.92)
	p = 0.25	p = 0.93	p = 0.38	p = 0.19
	(t(53) = −0.99; p = 0.33)	(t(159) = 0.29; p = 0.77)	(t(375) = −0.95; p = 0.34)	(t(305) = 1.15; p = 0.25)

Notes: Wilcoxon signed-rank test of differences at T1 and T2. Paired t-tests are given within parentheses.

Table IV.  Median scores of prototype perceptions of a typical smoker at T1 and T2 among snus initiators, regular snus users, non-users, and regular cigarette smokers

	Snus initiators	Regular snus users	Non-users	Regular cigarette smokers
	(Group 1)	(Group 2)	(Group 3)	(Group 4)
	(N = 54)	(N = 160)	(N = 376)	(N = 306)
Social attraction
Median (mean) T1	1.33 (2.03)	1.67 (1.87)	1.67 (2.16)	2.83 (2.81)
Median (mean) T2	1.67 (2.09)	1.67 (1.96)	2.00 (2.30)	2.67 (2.79)
	p = 0.74	p = 0.99	p = 0.03	p = 0.85
	(t(54) = −0.36; p = 0.72)	(t(159) = −0.87; p = 0.38	(t(375) = −1.91; p = 0.06)	(t(305) = 0.29; p = 0.77)
Negative
Median (mean) T1	4.25 (4.17)	4.50 (4.57)	4.00 (4.23)	4.75 (4.85)
Median (mean) T2	4.50 (4.50)	4.50 (4.58)	4.25 (4.21)	4.75 (4.82)
	p = 0.08	p = 0.68	p = 0.97	p = 0.58
	(t(54) = −1.73; p = 0.10)	(t(159) = −0.08; p = 0.94	(t(375) = 0.25; p = 0.81)	(t(305) = 0.27; p = 0.79)
Positive
Median (mean) T1	3.50 (3.30)	3.75 (3.47)	3.25 (3.23)	3.25 (3.19)
Median (mean) T2	3.50 (3.30)	3.75 (3.42)	3.25 (3.17)	3.25 (3.17)
	p = 0.93	p = 0.32	p = 0.58	p = 0.58
	(t(54) = −0.03; p = 0.98)	(t(159) = 0.46; p = 0.65)	(t(375) = 0.82; p = 0.42)	(t(305) = 0.22; p = 0.83)

Notes: Wilcoxon signed-rank test of differences at T1 and T2. Paired t-tests are given within parentheses.