Shoulder rhythm in patients with impingement and in controls

Figures & data

Figure 1. Reference position. The global coordinate system is fixed to the cage (illustrated here at floor level). At the reference examination the two body-fixed coordinate systems (one scapular one humeral) are aligned to the cage system.

Figure 2. During motion the two body-fixed coordinate systems follow the motion of the bones which is illustrated here with changed position of the humeral coordinate system.

Figure 3. Simplified sketch to illustrate absolute or global motions (top) and relative humeral motions (bottom). Absolute humeral motions include changes of position caused by scapular and trunk motions whereas relative motions do not.

Table 1. Combined spine, trunk, scapular and humeral motions (absolute motions) at increasing degrees of motions inside the glenohumeral joint (relative motion). Recorded values and distribution between the absolute and relative glenohumeral motions in percent are presented at active abduction

Patients – active abduction						Controls – active abduction
Gleno- humeral mean ^a	Spine, trunk, scapula and glenohumeral		Gleno- humeral mean ^b	Spine, trunk, scapula and glenohumeral		Gleno- humeral mean ^a	Spine, trunk, scapula and glenohumeral		Gleno- humeral mean ^b	Spine, trunk, scapula and glenohumeral
	mean ^a	CI-95% ^a		mean ^b	CI-95% ^b		mean ^a	CI-95% ^a		mean ^b	CI-95% ^b
20	82	70–94	28	72	68–76	20	51	36–66	47	53	40–66
25	89	78–100	31	69	66–72	25	63	48–77	46	54	43–65
30	94	85–103	34	66	63–69	30	73	58–88	45	55	45–65
35	100	91–109	38	62	49–66	35	82	67–97	46	54	45–63
40	103	95–111	38	62	59–66	40	90	77–103	48	52	44–60
45	107	100–114	44	56	53–58	45	94	82–106	50	50	43–57
50	110	103–117	48	52	49–55	50	99	88–110	52	48	42–54
55	114	107–121	50	50	47–53	55	104	94–114	54	46	40–52
65	125	120–131	53	47	43–51	73	125	118–132	58	42	37–47
70	144	138–150	51	49	48–54	77	146	139–153	53	47	43–51

^a degrees

^b percent

Tabel 2. Combined spine, trunk, scapular and humeral motions (absolute motions) at increasing degrees of motions inside the glenohumeral joint (relative motions) Recorded values and distribution between the absolute and relative glenohumeral motions in percent are presented at passive abduction

Patients – passive abduction						Controls – passive abduction
Gleno- humeral mean ^a	Spine, trunk, scapula and glenohumeral		Gleno- humeral mean ^b	Spine, trunk, scapula and glenohumeral		Gleno- humeral mean ^a	Spine, trunk, scapula and glenohumeral		Gleno- humeral mean ^b	Spine, trunk, scapula and glenohumeral
	mean ^a	CI-95% ^a		mean ^b	CI-95% ^b		mean ^a	CI-95% ^a		mean ^b	CI-95% ^b
20	53	43–63	43	57	51–63	20	47	32–62	52	48	32–63
25	62	51–73	45	55	49–61	25	57	43–71	50	50	38–62
30	71	62–81	46	54	48–60	30	67	54–80	49	51	41–62
35	78	67–89	49	51	44–58	35	77	64–90	48	52	44–60
40	88	78–98	49	51	46–50	40	87	75–101	49	51	43–59
45	97	87–107	50	50	45–55	45	97	83–111	48	52	45–59
50	106	88–106	49	51	47–55	50	105	93–117	49	51	45–57
55	115	105–125	50	50	45–55	55	112	101–129	51	49	41–57
62	129	122–136	48	52	48–56	63	129	115–143	49	51	46–56
67	153	150–159	44	56	53–59	69	159	154–164	44	56	52–62

^a degrees

^b percent

Tabel 3. Proximal translation of the humeral head in combination with active spine, trunk, scapular and humeral motions (absolute motion) at increasing degrees of motion inside the glenohumeral joint (relative motion). Recorded values in mm proximal translations of the humeral head are presented

Patients – active abduction						Controls – active abduction
Relativ GH motion	Absolute motion	Relative proximal translation		Absolute proximal translation		Relative GH motion	Absolute motion	Relative proximal translation		Absolute proximal translation
mean ^a	mean ^a	mean ^b	CI-95% ^b	mean ^b	CI-95% ^b	mean ^a	mean ^a	mean ^b	CI-95% ^b	mean ^b	CI-95% ^b
20	82	2.1	1.0–3.2	11.1	3.4–18.7	20	51	1.3	0.6–2.0	2.7	-3.2–8.6
25	89	2.3	1.0–3.6	14.0	6.1–21.9	25	63	1.3	0.2–1.7	4.8	-1.5–11.1
30	94	2.4	1.7–3.0	17.0	8.7–25.6	30	73	1.2	0.4–1.5	7.7	-0.9–14.5
35	100	2.4	1.6–3.2	20.6	12.3–28.8	35	82	1.0	0.1–1.9	10.6	2.4–17.6
40	103	2.4	1.6–3.2	24.0	15.7–32.1	40	90	1.0	-0.1–1.9	13.3	5.2–21.4
45	107	2.4	1.5–3.3	27.6	18.8–36.5	45	94	0.8	-0.3–1.8	16.3	7.6–24.4
50	110	2.2	1.3–3.2	31.2	22.1–40.2	50	99	0.6	-0.5–1.8	19.5	10.9–28.1
55	109	2.1	1.2–3.1	34.5	25.8–43.3	55	104	0.5	-0.8–1.7	23.0	14.1–31.9

^a degrees

^b mm

Tabel 4. Proximal translation of the humeral head in combination with passive spine, trunk, scapular and humeral motions (absolute motion) at increasing degrees of motion inside the glenohumeral joint (relative motion). Recorded values in mm proximal translations of the humeral head are presented. At 55 degrees of relative motion there are missing observation at absolut proximal translations in patients and the control group.

Patients – passive abduction						Controls – passive abduction
Relativ GH motion	Absolute motion	Relative proximal translation		Absolute proximal translation		Relative GH motion	Absolute motion	Relative proximal translation		Absolute proximal translation
mean ^a	mean ^a	mean ^b	CI-95% ^b	mean ^b	CI-95% ^b	mean ^a	mean ^a	mean ^b	CI-95% ^b	mean ^b	CI-95% ^b
20	53	1.5	0.9–2.1	6.4	-0.2–13.0	20	47	1.1	0.7–1.9	-3.4	-18.0–11.4
25	62	1.7	1.1–2.3	8.7	2.0–15.3	25	57	1.0	0.3–1.6	-1.4	-13.4–16.1
30	71	1.8	0.5–3.0	12.0	5.0–18.9	30	67	0.9	0.1–1.8	1.3	13.3–15.9
35	78	1.6	0.3–3.0	15.9	8.1–23.6	35	77	0.9	-0.1–1.9	4.7	10.0–19.4
40	88	1.7	0.4–3.1	20.2	12.8–27.6	40	87	0.7	-0.5–1.8	8.9	-5.2–23.1
45	100	1.4	-0.1–2.8	24.7	16.9–32.4	45	97	0.6	-0.6–1.7	14.2	1.0–27.3
50	106	1.3	-0.3–3.0	30.6	23.4–37.9	50	105	0.2	-1.3–1.4	18.4	3.8–32.9
55	115	1.0	-1.0–3.1	36.1	28.7–43.5	55	111	0	-1.3–1.4	22.6	7.1–38.2

^a degrees

^b mm

Figure 8. Angular velocity during active abduction. Patients with impingement versus the control group. Mean SE (p = 0.4).

Figure 9. Angular velocity during passive abduction. Patients with impingement versus the control group. Mean SE (p = 0.7).

Figure 10. Translation velocity during active abduction. Patients with impingement versus the control group. Mean SE (p = 0.4).

Figure 11. Translation velocity during passive abduction. Patients with impingement versus the control group. Mean SE (p = 0.5).