High degree of kinesiophobia after lumbar disc herniation surgery

Figures & data

Exclusion and enrollment of participants.

Table 1. Descriptive data for the 84 patients who answered the questionnaires, 80 of whom answered the TSK, and those patients were classified as having kinesiophobia or no kinesiophobia

Characteristics	Returned the questionnaires	Kinesiophobia ^a
		Yes	No
	n = 84	n = 36	n = 44
Men	48	22	23
Age, mean (SD)	43 (11)	42 (11)	43 (10)
Co-morbidity	26	12	12
Duration of symptoms
preoperatively
< 3 months	9	7	2
3–12 months	28	9	17
2 years	15	7	7
> 2 years	32	13	18
Surgery: > 1 operation	20	9	10
Disc herniation level:
L2–L3	1	1	0
L3–L4	5	4	1
L4–L5	30	12	17
L5–S1	46	19	25
L4–L5 & L5–S1	2	0	1

^a Kinesiophobia is defined as > 37 on the Tampa scale for kinesiophobia (TSK). 80 patients answered the TSK

Table 2. Kinesiophobia vs. no kinesiophobia

Assessments	Kinesiophobia ^a		No kinesiophobia ^a		p-value
	median (range)	n	median (range)	n
ODI ^b	32 (0–74)	36	12 (0–64)	43	< 0.001
EQ-5D ^index ^c	0.72 (–0.07 to 1.0)	35	0.80 (–0.16 to 1.0)	43	0.01
EQ-5D^VAS ^d	68 (15–97)	36	80 (2–100)	44	0.01
VAS back pain ^e	44 (0–89)	36	12 (0–87)	44	< 0.001
VAS leg pain ^e	23 (0–91)	35	8 (0–84)	44	0.01
ZDS ^f	40 (22–67)	33	34 (22–51)	41	0.01
PCS ^g	26 (4–45)	33	14 (0–28)	40	0.01
SES ^h	35 (12–62)	34	51 (19–64)	41	< 0.001

^a Kinesiophobia is defined as > 37 on the Tampa scale for kinesiophobia (TSK), which ranges from 17 to 68, with lower score indicating less severe symptoms.

^b Oswestry disability index (ODI) ranges from 0 to 100, with lower score indicating less severe symptoms.

^c European quality of life in 5 dimensions questionnaire (EQ-5D^index) ranges from –0.59 to 1.0 where 1.0 is optimal health.

^d EuroQol visual analog scale (EQ-5D^VAS) ranges from 0 to 100, with higher score indicating less severe symptoms.

^e Visual analog scales (VAS) for back and leg pain range from 0 to 100, with lower score indicating less severe symptoms.

^f Zung self-rating depression scale (ZDS) ranges from 20 to 80, with lower score indicating less severe symptoms.

^g Pain catastrophizing scale (PCS) ranges from 0 to 52, with lower score indicating less severe symptoms.

^h Self-efficacy scale (SES) ranges from 8 to 64, with higher score indicating less severe symptoms.

Table 3. Work status and satisfaction with treatment

	Kinesiophobia
	Yes	No
	n = 36	n = 44	p-value
Work status			0.07
Working full-time/part-time	24	38
Sick leave full-time	12	6
Satisfaction with treatment			0.1
Satisfied with treatment	21	34
Less satisfied/dissatisfied	15	10