Figures & data
Table II. Various pharmaceutical approaches to overcome the BBB.
Table III. Various studies on surface-modified nanoparticles and their potential to overcome.
Huang R, Ma H, Guo Y, Liu S, Kuang Y, Shao K, et al. 2013. Angiopep-conjugated nanoparticles for targeted long-term gene therapy of Parkinson's disease. Pharma Res. 30:2549–2559. Gao X, Tao W, Lu W, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Jiang X, Fu S. 2006. Lectin-conjugated PEG–PLA nanoparticles: preparation and brain delivery after intranasal administration. Biomaterials. 27:3482–3490. Karanth H, Murthy RSR. 2008. Nanotechnology in brain targeting. Int J Pharm Sci Nanotechnol. 1:9–24. Pardridge WM. 2007. Blood–brain barrier delivery. Drug Discov Today. 12:54–61. Rautioa J, Chikhale PJ. 2004. Drug delivery systems for brain tumor therapy. Curr Pharm Des. 10:1341–1353. Patel MM, Goyal BR, Bhadada SV, Bhatt JS, Amin AF. 2009. Getting into the brain. CNS Drugs. 23:35–58. Immordino ML, Dosio F, Cattel L. 2006. Stealth liposomes: review of the basic science, rationale, and clinical applications, existing and potential. Int J Nanomedicine. 1:297. Cosco D, Paolino D, Muzzalupo R, Celia C, Citraro R, Caponio D, et al. 2009. Novel PEG-coated niosomes based on bola-surfactant as drug carriers for 5-fluorouracil. Biomed Microdevices. 11:1115–1125. Paolino D, Cosco D, Racanicchi L, Trapasso E, Celia C, Iannone M, et al. 2010. Gemcitabine-loaded PEGylated unilamellar liposomes vs GEMZARZ Biodistribution, pharmacokinetic features and in vivo antitumor activity. J Control Release. 144:144–150. Licciardi M, Paolino D, Celia C, Giammona G, Cavallaro G, Fresta M. 2010. Folate-targeted supramolecular vesicular aggregates based on polyaspartyl-hydrazide copolymers for the selective delivery of antitumoral drugs. Biomaterials. 31:7340–7354. Hynynen K, McDannold N, Vykhodtseva N, Raymond S, Weissleder R, Jolesz FA, Sheikov N. 2006. Focal disruption of the blood-brain barrier due to 260-kHz ultrasound bursts: a method for molecular imaging and targeted drug delivery. J Neurosurg. 105:445–454. Blanchette M, Fortin D. 2011Blood-brain barrier disruption in the treatment of brain tumors. In: The Blood-Brain and Other Neural Barriers New York: Springer, pp. 447–463. Neuwelt E, Abbott NJ, Abrey L, Banks WA, Blakley B, Davis T, et al. (2008). Strategies to advance translational research into brain barriers. Lancet Neurol. 7:84–96. Borlongan C, Emerich D. 2003. Facilitation of drug entry into the CNS via transient permeation of blood brain barrier: laboratory and preliminary clinical evidence from bradykinin receptor agonist, Cereport. Brain Res Bull. 60:297–306. Erdlenbruch B, Alipour M, Fricker G, Miller DS, Kugler W, Eibl H, Lakomek M. 2003. Alkylglycerol opening of the blood–brain barrier to small and large fluorescence markers in normal and C6 glioma-bearing rats and isolated rat brain capillaries. Br J Pharmacol. 140:1201–1210. Czeisler BM, Janigro D. 2006. Reading and writing the blood-brain barrier: relevance to therapeutics. Recent Pat CNS Drug Discov. 1:157–173. Su Y, Sinko PJ. 2006. Drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier: why is it difficult? how to measure and improve it? Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 3:419–435. Batrakova EV, Li S, Vinogradov SV, Alakhov VY, Miller DW, Kabanov AV. 2001. Mechanism of pluronic effect on P-glycoprotein efflux system in blood-brain barrier: contributions of energy depletion and membrane fluidization. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 299: 483–493. Begley DJ. 2004. Delivery of therapeutic agents to the central nervous system: the problems and the possibilities. Pharmacol Ther. 104: 29–45. Juillerat-Jeanneret L. 2008. The targeted delivery of cancer drugs across the blood–brain barrier: chemical modifications of drugs or drug-nanoparticles? Drug Discov Today. 13:1099–1106. Vauthier C, Dubernet C, Fattal E, Pinto-Alphandary H, Couvreur P. 2003. Poly (alkylcyanoacrylates) as biodegradable materials for biomedical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 55:519–548. Gref R, Minamitake Y, Peracchia MT, Trubetskoy V, Torchilin V, Langer R. 1994. Biodegradable long-circulating polymeric nanospheres. Science. 263:1600–1603. Chou KJ, Donovan MD. 1998. Lidocaine distribution into the CNS following nasal and arterial delivery: a comparison of local sampling and microdialysis techniques. Int J Pharm. 171:53–61. van Laar T, Van der Geest R, Danhof M. 1999. Future delivery systems for apomorphine in patients with Parkinson's disease. Adv Neurol. 80:535–544. Chauhan NB. 2002. Trafficking of intracerebroventricularly injected antisense oligonucleotides in the mouse brain. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 12:353–357. Temsamani J, Scherrmann JM, Rees AR, Kaczorek M. 2000. Brain drug delivery technologies: novel approaches for transporting therapeutics. Pharm Sci Technolo Today. 3:155–162. Harmon BT, Aly AE, Padegimas L, Sesenoglu-Laird O, Cooper MJ, Waszczak BL. 2014. Intranasal administration of plasmid DNA nanoparticles yields successful transfection and expression of a reporter protein in rat brain. Gene Ther. 21:514–521. Zhang C, Wan X, Zheng X, Shao X, Liu Q, Zhang Q, Qian Y. 2014. Dual-functional nanoparticles targeting amyloid plaques in the brains of Alzheimer's disease mice. Biomaterials. 35:456–465. Kanazawa T, Akiyama F, Kakizaki S, Takashima Y, Seta Y. 2013. Delivery of siRNA to the brain using a combination of nose-to-brain delivery and cell-penetrating peptide-modified nano-micelles. Biomaterials. 34:9220–9226. Jaruszewski KM, Ramakrishnan S, Poduslo JF, Kandimalla KK. 2012. Chitosan enhances the stability and targeting of immuno-nanovehicles to cerebro-vascular deposits of Alzheimer's disease amyloid protein. Nanomedicine. 8:250–260. Zhou J, Fa H, Yin W, Zhang J, Hou C, Huo D, et al. 2014. Synthesis of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with a DDNP-carboxyl derivative for in vitro magnetic resonance imaging of Alzheimer's disease. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 37: 348–355. Mansur AA, Saliba JB, Mansur HS. 2013. Surface modified fluorescent quantum dots with neurotransmitter ligands for potential targeting of cell signaling applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 111: 60–70. Jalali N, Moztarzadeh F, Mozafari M, Asgari S, Motevalian M, Alhosseini SN. 2011. Surface modification of poly (lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles by d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate as potential carrier for the delivery of drugs to the brain. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp. 392:335–342. Liu Z, Jiang M, Kang T, Miao D, Gu G, Song Q, et al. 2013. Lactoferrin-modified PEG-co-PCL nanoparticles for enhanced brain delivery of NAP peptide following intranasal administration. Biomaterials. 34:3870–3881. Mittal G, Carswell H, Brett R, Currie S, Kumar M. 2011. Development and evaluation of polymer nanoparticles for oral delivery of estradiol to rat brain in a model of Alzheimer's pathology. J Control Release. 150:220–228. Li J, Feng L, Fan L, Zha Y, Guo L, Zhang Q, et al. 2011. Targeting the brain with PEG–PLGA nanoparticles modified with phage-displayed peptides. Biomaterials. 32:4943–4950. Agyare EK, Curran GL, Ramakrishnan M, Caroline CY, Poduslo JF, Kandimalla KK. 2008. Development of a smart nano-vehicle to target cerebrovascular amyloid deposits and brain parenchymal plaques observed in Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Pharm Res. 25:2674–2684. Xin H, Sha X, Jiang X, Chen L, Law K, Gu J, et al. 2012. The brain targeting mechanism of Angiopep-conjugated poly (ethylene glycol)-co-poly (ɛ-caprolactone) nanoparticles. Biomaterials. 33: 1673–1681. Hu K, Shi Y, Jiang W, Han J, Huang S, Jiang X. 2011. Lactoferrin conjugated PEG-PLGA nanoparticles for brain delivery: preparation, characterization and efficacy in Parkinson's disease. Int J Phar. 415:273–283. Liu YY, Yang XY, Li Z, Liu ZL, Cheng D, Wang Y, et al. 2014. Characterization of polyethylene glycol‐polyethyleneimine as a vector for alpha‐synuclein siRNA delivery to PC12 cells for Parkinson's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther. 20:76–85. Wen Z, Yan Z, Hu K, Pang Z, Cheng X, Guo L, et al. 2011. Odorranalectin-conjugated nanoparticles: preparation, brain delivery and pharmacodynamic study on Parkinson's disease following intranasal administration. J Control Release. 151:131–138. Bharali DJ, Klejbor I, Stachowiak EK, Dutta P, Roy I, Kaur N, et al. 2005. Organically modified silica nanoparticles: a nonviral vector for in vivo gene delivery and expression in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 102:11539–11544. Huang R, Ke W, Liu Y, Wu D, Feng L, Jiang C, Pei Y. 2010. Gene therapy using lactoferrin-modified nanoparticles in a rotenone-induced chronic Parkinson model. J Neurol Sci. 290:123–130. Godinho BM, Ogier JR, Darcy R, O’Driscoll CM, Cryan JF. 2013. Self-assembling modified β-cyclodextrin nanoparticles as neuronal siRNA delivery vectors: focus on Huntington's disease. Mol Pharm. 10:640–649.