Non-ionic macroporous polystyrene adsorbents for removal of serum toxins in liver failure by hemoperfusion

Figures & data

Figure 1. Chemical structure of bilirubin.

Figure 2. Pore size distribution of adsorbents.

Table 1. Physical properties of adsorbents.

	SZ-9	BL-300
Specific surface area (m^2/g)	794.9	592.4
Pore volume (cc/g)	0.933	0.778
Pore diameter (nm)	4.882	1.986
Water content (%)	74.38	62.61

Figure 3. SEM micrographs of adsorbents (A, B: SZ-9; C, D: BL-300).

Figure 4. Adsorption kinetics of absorbents. (a) Bilirubin adsorption in BSA solution: C_BIL=150 mg/L, C_BSA=15 g/L, T = 37 °C; the adsorbent to solution ratio was 1:36 (v/v). (b) Bilirubin adsorption in phosphate buffer solution: C_BIL=150 mg/L, T = 37 °C; the adsorbent to solution ratio was 1:210 (v/v). (c) Bile acid adsorption in phosphate buffer solution: C_BA=150 mg/L, T = 37 °C; the adsorbent to solution ratio was 1:75 (v/v).

Figure 5. Effect of microenvironment on adsorption of bilirubin. The adsorbent to solution ratio was 1:36 (v/v). (a) Effect of temperature C_BIL= 150 mg/L, C_BSA= 15 g/L, t = 2 h. (b) Effect of ionic strength in solution. C_BIL= 150 mg/L, C_BSA=15 g/L, T = 37 °C, t = 2 h. (c) Effect of albumin in adsorption medium. C_BIL= 150 mg/L, T = 37 °C, t = 2 h.

Figure 6. Adsorption isotherm of adsorbents. Temperature: 37 °C, a1–c1: fitting data with the Langmuir isotherm, a2–c2: fitting data with the Freundlich isotherm. (a) Adsorption isotherm of adsorbents for bilirubin in phosphate buffer solution. (b) Adsorption isotherm of adsorbents for bilirubin in BSA solution. (c) Adsorption isotherm of adsorbents for bile acid in phosphate buffer solution.

Figure 7. Effect of different concentrations of plasma from patients on adsorption. T = 37 °C, t = 3 h. The adsorbent to plasma ratio was 1:5 (v/v). (a) Initial plasma (L): C_TBIL=25.3 μmol/L, C_DBIL=5.3 μmol/L, C_IBIL=20 μmol/L, C_TBA=25.4 μmol/L. (b) Initial plasma (M): C_TBIL=178.1 μmol/L, C_DBIL=69.1 μmol/L, C_IBIL=109 μmol/L, C_TBA=130.7 μmol/L. (c) Initial plasma (H): C_TBIL=258 μmol/L, C_DBIL=93.1 μmol/L, C_IBIL=164.9 μmol/L, C_TBA=62.6 μmol/L.

Figure 8. Dynamic adsorption in vitro. T = 37 °C; the adsorbent to solution ratio was 1:12.5 (v/v). Initial plasma: C_TBIL=180.8 μmol/L, C_DBIL=71.6 μmol/L, C_IBIL=109.2 μmol/L, C_TBA=117.6 μmol/L.

Table 2. Blood chemistry of plasma before and after dynamic adsorption in vitro.

	Plasma before adsorption		Adsorption rate(%)
	Component	Value	SZ-9	BL-300
K	mmol/L	3.19	3.7	2.51
Na	mmol/L	149.2	−0.62	−0.87
Cl	mmol/L	107.5	−1.84	−5.86
Ca	mmol/L	2.8	10.7	3.57
P	mmol/L	1.04	5.77	9.62
Urea	mmol/L	6	3.67	2.17
Uric acid	μmol/L	168	2.38	25
Creatinine	μmol/L	73	8.22	4.11
Total protein	g/L	54.2	9.96	2.77
Albumin	g/L	32	10.94	3.44
Globulin	g/L	22.2	8.56	1.8
Total bilirubin	μmol/L	180.8	49.72	46.96
Direct bilirubin	μmol/L	71.6	44.97	41.2
Indirect bilirubin	μmol/L	109.2	52.84	50.73
Total bile acid	μmol/L	117.6	88.27	71.77

Table 3. Blood routine and hemolysis assay after 60 min contact with adsorbents.

adsorbent	SZ-9	BL-300	Control
WBC (10^9/L)	4.56 ± 0.06	4.20 ± 0.10	4.57 ± 0.12
RBC (10^12/L)	6.18 ± 0.04	6.30 ± 0.15	6.14 ± 0.10
PLT (10^9/L)	218 ± 9.16	138.33 ± 12.90	198.67 ± 3.21
Hemolysis rate (%)	−0.406 ± 1.109	11.218 ± 0.231