Humanistic and economic impacts of hepatitis C infection in the United States

Figures & data

Table 1.  Logistic regression statistics when predicting group membership of HCV or controls.

	b	SE b	χ^2	p-value	OR	95% LCL	95% UCL
Intercept	−5.4444	0.3115	305.5163	<0.0001
Age	0.0157	0.00311	25.5486	<0.0001	1.016	1.01	1.022
Female	−0.6654	0.0811	67.2602	<0.0001	0.514	0.439	0.603
White (reference)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Hispanic	0.384	0.143	7.2106	0.0072	1.468	1.109	1.943
Black	0.3536	0.1275	7.6874	0.0056	1.424	1.109	1.829
Asian	−0.8714	0.4161	4.385	0.0363	0.418	0.185	0.946
Other ethnicity	0.6199	0.1656	14.0134	0.0002	1.859	1.344	2.571
Married	−0.0492	0.0842	0.3406	0.5595	0.952	0.807	1.123
College educated	−0.1961	0.0977	4.0312	0.0447	0.822	0.679	0.995
Household income: < $25K	0.2618	0.1014	6.6688	0.0098	1.299	1.065	1.585
Household income: $25K to <$50K (reference)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Household income: $50K to <$75K	−0.0384	0.1157	0.1103	0.7398	0.962	0.767	1.207
Household income: $75K+	−0.1963	0.1293	2.3052	0.1289	0.822	0.638	1.059
Household income: Decline to answer	−0.2725	0.2222	1.5036	0.2201	0.761	0.493	1.177
Health insurance	0.1773	0.098	3.2735	0.0704	1.194	0.985	1.447
Currently employed	0.0168	0.088	0.0364	0.8487	1.017	0.856	1.208
Currently smoke	1.1161	0.0826	182.3839	<0.0001	3.053	2.596	3.59
Exercised in the last month	−0.1114	0.0804	1.9188	0.166	0.895	0.764	1.047
Alcohol use	−0.3508	0.0808	18.8252	<0.0001	0.704	0.601	0.825
BMI: underweight	−0.8536	0.4599	3.4456	0.0634	0.426	0.173	1.049
BMI: normal (reference)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
BMI: overweight	0.0609	0.1041	0.3424	0.5585	1.063	0.867	1.303
BMI: obese	0.0671	0.1017	0.4357	0.5092	1.069	0.876	1.305
BMI: decline to answer	0.1482	0.6776	0.0478	0.8269	1.16	0.307	4.376
Comorbidity count	0.0692	0.00757	83.6865	<0.0001	1.072	1.056	1.088
Anxiety	0.2084	0.1111	3.5163	0.0608	1.232	0.991	1.531
Depression	0.4789	0.1063	20.2842	<0.0001	1.614	1.311	1.988

Table 2.  Propensity score values for the control and HCV groups both pre- and post-match.

Propensity score	Pre-propensity match				Post-propensity match
	HCV = 695		Control = 73339		HCV = 695		Control = 695
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
0.0000 to <0.0125	288	41.44	59,096	80.58	288	41.44	288	41.44
0.0125 to <0.0250	164	23.60	9,255	12.62	164	23.60	164	23.60
0.0250 to <0.0375	84	12.09	2,634	3.59	84	12.09	84	12.09
0.0375 to <0.0500	56	8.06	1,020	1.39	56	8.06	57	8.20
0.0500 to <0.0625	30	4.32	510	0.70	30	4.32	29	4.17
0.0625 to <0.0750	24	3.45	292	0.40	24	3.45	24	3.45
0.0750 to <0.0875	23	3.31	169	0.23	23	3.31	23	3.31
0.0875 to <0.1000	9	1.29	112	0.15	9	1.29	9	1.29
0.1000 to <0.1125	4	0.58	82	0.11	4	0.58	4	0.58
0.1125 to <0.1250	3	0.43	47	0.06	3	0.43	3	0.43
0.1250 to <0.1375	3	0.43	31	0.04	3	0.43	3	0.43
0.1375 to <0.1500	1	0.14	24	0.03	1	0.14	1	0.14
0.1500 to <0.1625	0	0.00	17	0.02	0	0.00	0	0.00
0.1625 to <0.1750	3	0.43	13	0.02	3	0.43	3	0.43
0.1750 to <0.1875	1	0.14	8	0.01	1	0.14	1	0.14
0.1875 to <0.2000	0	0.00	8	0.01	0	0.00	0	0.00
0.2000 to <0.2125	1	0.14	6	0.01	1	0.14	1	0.14
0.2125 to <0.2250	0	0.00	1	0.00	0	0.00	0	0.00
0.2250 to <0.2375	0	0.00	3	0.00	0	0.00	0	0.00
0.2375 to <0.2500	0	0.00	3	0.00	0	0.00	0	0.00
0.2500 to <0.2625	1	0.14	0	0.00	1	0.14	0	0.00
0.2625 to <0.2750	0	0.00	1	0.00	0	0.00	1	0.14
0.2750 to <0.2875	0	0.00	1	0.00	0	0.00	0	0.00
0.2875 to <0.3000	0	0.00	1	0.00	0	0.00	0	0.00
0.3000 to <0.3125	0	0.00	2	0.00	0	0.00	0	0.00
0.3125 and greater	0	0.00	3	0.00	0	0.00	0	0.00

Table 3.  Respondent characteristics.

	HCV group n = 695				Unmatched control group n = 73,339				p-value
	Unweighted		Weighted		Unweighted		Weighted
Variable	n	n	%	SE	n	n	%	SE
Female	286	865,034	41.9	±1.98	37,964	114,086,430	52.2	±0.21	<0.00001
White	510	1,390,781	67.4	±2.03	54,412	150,917,684	69.0	±0.21	0.449
Black	76	223,617	10.8	±1.20	7,494	24,668,483	11.3	±0.14	0.7198
Hispanic	60	306,387	14.9	±1.84	5,947	28,768,182	13.2	±0.16	0.3604
Asian	6	16,465	0.8	±0.33	3,430	8,448,284	3.9	±0.08	<0.00001
Other race	43	125,310	6.1	±0.91	2,056	5,962,965	2.7	±0.08	0.0003
Married/living with partner	383	1,124,619	54.5	±2.02	44,978	129,990,087	59.4	±0.20	0.0169
College-educated	166	466,643	22.6	±1.65	26,887	78,897,185	36.1	±0.20	<0.00001
Employed	293	882,674	42.8	±1.99	39,497	122562298	56.0	±0.21	<0.00001
Have health insurance	536	1,582,740	76.7	±1.67	60,466	176,869,058	80.8	±0.16	0.0145
Income <$25k	225	655,725	31.8	±1.84	13,299	41,247,829	18.9	±0.17	<0.00001
Income $25k to <$50k	224	672,893	32.6	±1.89	21,952	65,443,921	29.9	±0.19	0.1543
Income $50k to <$75k	123	373,812	18.1	±1.67	15,749	46,376,502	21.2	±0.16	0.0665
Income $75k+	100	294,901	14.3	±1.39	17,884	52,614,301	24.1	±0.17	<0.00001
Decline to Answer	23	65,228	3.2	±0.67	4,455	13,083,045	6.0	±0.10	<0.00001
Currently smoke	358	1,114,186	54.0	±2.00	16,286	49,236,764	22.5	±0.17	<0.00001
Drink alcohol	379	1,141,257	55.3	±2.00	47,698	143,079,030	65.4	±0.20	<0.00001
Currently exercise	357	1,061,104	51.4	±2.02	46,547	140,889,633	64.4	±0.20	<0.00001
Comorbid anxiety	251	756,353	36.7	±1.92	11,451	35,110,320	16.0	±0.15	<0.00001
Comorbid depression	294	885,238	42.9	±1.99	12,907	38,960,073	17.8	±0.15	<0.00001
	Unweighted		Weighted		Unweighted		Weighted
	Mean	Mean	SD	SE	Mean	Mean	SD	SE
Age	51.46	50.35	11.02	0.42	47.89	45.96	16.93	0.06	<0.00001
Body mass index (BMI)	29.71	29.78	7.45	0.28	28.78	28.62	7.04	0.03	<0.00001
Number of comorbidities	8.14	8.25	6.29	0.24	4.34	4.18	4.49	0.02	<0.00001

Table 4.  Impact of HCV on health related quality of life (weighted).

	HCV group n = 695		Unmatched control group n = 73339			Matched control group n = 695
	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	p-value*	Mean	SE	p-value†
Mental component summary (MCS)	42.70	0.46	47.36	0.48	<0.00001	43.20	0.48	0.45
Physical component summary (PCS)	39.57	0.48	47.94	0.49	<0.00001	42.66	0.49	<0.00001
Bodily pain	53.03	1.19	74.36	0.10	<0.00001	60.96	1.18	<0.00001
General health	48.15	1.06	68.42	0.09	<0.00001	55.82	1.05	<0.00001
Mental health	55.94	0.94	66.12	0.08	<0.00001	57.18	0.95	0.35
Physical functioning	56.46	1.37	75.98	0.12	<0.00001	61.57	1.42	0.0097
Role emotional	65.45	1.11	78.39	0.10	<0.00001	66.60	1.17	0.48
Role physical	51.64	1.24	72.44	0.11	<0.00001	56.96	1.27	0.0028
Social functioning	57.89	1.16	76.06	0.10	<0.00001	62.73	1.24	0.0044
Vitality	38.56	0.97	51.57	0.09	<0.00001	43.46	1.02	0.0005
Health utility	0.63	0.01	0.73	0.00	<0.00001	0.66	0.01	0.0044

*Indicates the significance comparing the HCV group with the unmatched control group.

†Indicates the significance comparing the HCV group with the matched control group.

Table 5.  Impact of hepatitis C on healthcare resource utilization (weighted).

	HCV group n = 695		Unmatched control group n = 73,339			Matched control group n = 695
	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	p-value*	Mean	SE	p-value†
Emergency room visits	0.59	0.06	0.22	0.00	<0.00001	0.44	0.05	0.042
Hospitalizations	0.30	0.04	0.12	0.00	<0.00001	0.20	0.04	0.075
Traditional provider visits	7.71	0.39	3.91	0.02	<0.00001	5.93	0.28	0.0002

*Indicates the significance comparing the HCV group with the unmatched control group.

†Indicates the significance comparing the HCV group with the matched control group.

Appendix Table 1.  Comparison of the demographic profile of NHWS respondents and the US adult population.

Demographic profile	National Health and Wellness Survey (NHWS) 2009 %	US reference %*
Gender
Male	49	48
Female	51	52
Age
18–44	43	49
45–64	34	34
65+	22	17
Race/ethnicity
African-American	10	11
Hispanic	8	13
White	74	69
Other	7	6
Annual household income (US$)
<$25,000	20	21
$25,000–49,999	32	26
$50,000–74,999	23	20
$75,000+	26	33
Education
No college degree	63	73
College degree	37	27
Region
Northeast	18	18
Midwest	24	22
South	35	36
West	22	23
Morbidity prevalence†
Hypertension	29.4	25.0
Stroke	1.2	2.9
Emphysema	1.5	1.7
Asthma	8.6	12.6
Hay fever	8.6	8.0
Chronic bronchitis	4.6	4.4
Any cancer	8.3	7.9
Breast cancer	1.5	1.4
Cervical cancer	0.9	1.4
Prostate cancer	1.0	2.0
Diabetes	10.7	8.4
Ulcers	2.9	8.6
Kidney disease	0.8	1.7
Arthritis	19.9	22.8
Migraine/severe headache	11.9	13.4

*Current Population Survey (2008) of the US Census Bureau except the morbidity prevalence data.

†The US reference is according to the National Health Insurance Survey (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). NHWS data weighted by age, gender, and race/ethnic groups.