The impact of hepatitis C on labor force participation, absenteeism, presenteeism and non-work activities

Figures & data

Figure 1.  Overview of analysis groups and methods.

Table 1.  Demographic and health history differences of hepatitis C patients compared to both unmatched and matched controls.

Variable	Hepatitis C group n = 695				Unmatched control group n = 73,339				p-value
	Unweighted n	Weighted			Unweighted n	Weighted
		n	%	SE (%)		n	%	SE (%)
Female	286	865,034	41.9	±1.98	37,964	114,086,430	52.2	±0.21	<0.0001
White	510	1,390,781	67.4	±2.03	54,412	150,917,684	69.0	±0.21	0.449
Black	76	223,617	10.8	±1.20	7,494	24,668,483	11.3	±0.14	0.7198
Hispanic	60	306,387	14.9	±1.84	5,947	28,768,182	13.2	±0.16	0.3604
Asian	6	16,465	0.8	±0.33	3,430	8,448,284	3.9	±0.08	<0.0001
Other race	43	125,310	6.1	±0.91	2,056	5,962,965	2.7	±0.08	0.0003
Married/living with partner	383	1,124,619	54.5	±2.02	44,978	129,990,087	59.4	±0.20	0.0169
College educated	166	466,643	22.6	±1.65	26,887	78,897,185	36.1	±0.20	<0.0001
Employed	293	882,674	42.8	±1.99	39,497	122,562,298	56.0	±0.21	<0.0001
Have health insurance	536	1,582,740	76.7	±1.67	60,466	176,869,058	80.8	±0.16	0.0145
Income <$25 k	225	655,725	31.8	±1.84	13,299	41,247,829	18.9	±0.17	<0.0001
Income $25 k to <$50 k	224	672,893	32.6	±1.89	21,952	65,443,921	29.9	±0.19	0.1543
Income $50 k to <$75 k	123	373,812	18.1	±1.67	15,749	46,376,502	21.2	±0.16	0.0665
Income $75 k+	100	294,901	14.3	±1.39	17,884	52,614,301	24.1	±0.17	<0.0001
Decline to answer	23	65,228	3.2	±0.67	4,455	13,083,045	6.0	±0.10	<0.0001
Currently smoke	358	1,114,186	54.0	±2.00	16,286	49,236,764	22.5	±0.17	<0.0001
Drink alcohol	379	1,141,257	55.3	±2.00	47,698	143,079,030	65.4	±0.20	<0.0001
Currently exercise	357	1,061,104	51.4	±2.02	46,547	140,889,633	64.4	±0.20	<0.0001
Comorbid anxiety	251	756,353	36.7	±1.92	11,451	35,110,320	16.0	±0.15	<0.0001
Comorbid depression	294	885,238	42.9	±1.99	12,907	38,960,073	17.8	±0.15	<0.0001
	Mean	Mean	SD	SE	Mean	Mean	SD	SE	p-value
Age	51.46	50.35	11.02	0.42	47.89	45.96	16.93	0.06	<0.0001
Body mass index (BMI)	29.71	29.78	7.45	0.28	28.78	28.62	7.04	0.03	<0.0001
Number of comorbidities	8.14	8.25	6.29	0.24	4.34	4.18	4.49	0.02	<0.0001

Unweighted refers to statistics which did not apply a sampling weight; weighted refers to statistics which applied a sampling weight.

SE, standard error; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2.  Predictors of labor force participation.

Predictor	b	OR	95% LCL	95% UCL	χ2	p-value
Intercept	−1.07	–	–	–	295.06	<0.0001
Age 18–29	2.55	12.75	11.74	13.84	3681.70	<0.0001
Age 30–39	2.95	19.03	17.51	20.67	4843.14	<0.0001
Age 40–49	3.04	20.84	19.23	22.59	5484.81	<0.0001
Age 50–59	2.60	13.49	12.47	14.59	4242.89	<0.0001
Age 60–69	1.01	2.75	2.55	2.96	709.27	<0.0001
Age ≥70 (reference)	–	–	–	–	–	–
Female	−0.42	0.66	0.63	0.68	504.92	<0.0001
White (reference)	–	–	–	–	–	–
Hispanic	0.08	1.08	1.01	1.16	5.64	0.0176
Black	0.14	1.15	1.08	1.22	19.42	<0.0001
Asian	−0.15	0.86	0.79	0.94	11.14	0.0008
Other ethnicity	−0.03	0.97	0.87	1.07	0.41	0.5216
Married/living with partner	−0.42	0.65	0.63	0.68	439.37	<0.0001
College educated	0.57	1.77	1.70	1.84	762.31	<0.0001
Household income: <$25 k	−1.08	0.34	0.32	0.36	1157.98	<0.0001
Household income: $25 k to <$50 k	−0.43	0.65	0.62	0.69	258.25	<0.0001
Household income: $50 k to <$75 k	−0.20	0.82	0.78	0.87	51.89	<0.0001
Household income: ≥$75 k	–	–	–	–	–	–
Household income: decline to answer	−0.77	0.47	0.43	0.50	341.35	<0.0001
Health insurance	0.42	1.53	1.45	1.60	276.43	<0.0001
Currently smoke	0.07	1.08	1.03	1.12	10.63	0.0011
Currently exercise	0.09	1.10	1.06	1.14	24.53	<0.0001
Consume alcohol	0.41	1.50	1.45	1.56	468.10	<0.0001
BMI: underweight	−0.27	0.76	0.67	0.87	17.37	<0.0001
BMI: normal weight (reference)	–	–	–	–	–	–
BMI: overweight	0.12	1.13	1.07	1.18	25.04	<0.0001
BMI: obese	0.04	1.04	0.99	1.09	2.26	0.133
BMI: DECLINE to answer	0.01	1.01	0.89	1.15	0.02	0.8771
Comorbidity count	−0.07	0.93	0.93	0.94	762.37	<0.0001
Anxiety	0.01	1.01	0.96	1.08	0.22	0.6358
Depression	−0.10	0.91	0.86	0.96	11.19	0.0008
Hepatitis C	−0.32	0.73	0.62	0.85	15.29	<0.0001

b = unstandardized regression estimate; OR = odds ratio; 95% LCL = lower 95% confidence limit of the odds ratio; 95% UCL, upper 95% confidence limit of the odds ratio; χ2 = chi-square test.

Table 3.  Generalized linear model regression estimates when predicting each of the work productivity and activity impairment metrics.

	Absenteeism	Presenteeism	Overall work impairment	Activity impairment
Intercept	0.04	1.16*	1.42*	2.49*
Age 18–29	0.84*	1.09*	1.00*	0.09*
Age 30–39	0.70*	0.97*	0.89*	0.04*
Age 40–49	0.45*	0.80*	0.71*	−0.02
Age 50–59	0.32	0.63*	0.55*	−0.05*
Age 60−69	0.00	0.38*	0.30*	−0.10*
Age ≥70 (reference)	–	–	–	–
Female	−0.07	−0.08*	−0.07*	−0.02
White (reference)	–	–	–	–
Hispanic	0.55*	0.24*	0.26*	0.14*
Black	0.39*	0.10*	0.14*	0.03
Asian	0.27*	0.40*	0.38*	0.27*
Other ethnicity	0.21	0.13*	0.14*	0.04
Married/living with partner	−0.02	0.00	0.00	0.03*
College educated	−0.16*	−0.01	−0.04*	−0.06*
Household income: <$25 k	0.20*	0.20*	0.19*	0.31*
Household income: $25 k to <$50 k	0.13*	0.12*	0.12*	0.19*
Household income: $50 k to <$75 k	−0.04	0.07*	0.05*	0.10*
Household income: ≥$75 k	–	–	–	–
Household income: decline to answer	0.16	−0.05	−0.01	0.10*
Health insurance	0.02	0.1*	0.07*	0.01
Current smoker	0.22*	0.15*	0.14*	0.12*
Regular exercise	−0.12*	−0.06*	−0.08*	−0.18*
Current drinker	−0.06	0.00	−0.01	−0.07*
BMI: underweight	0.48*	0.17*	0.20*	0.11*
BMI: normal weight (reference)	–	–	–	–
BMI: overweight	−0.02	−0.01	0.00	0.02
BMI: obese	0.11	0.11*	0.11*	0.18*
BMI: decline to answer	−0.03	−0.04	−0.05	0.17*
Comorbidity count	0.15*	0.13*	0.13*	0.11*
Anxiety	0.12	0.02	0.04	0.00
Depression	0.17*	0.25*	0.22*	0.24*
Hepatitis C	0.48	0.21*	0.23*	0.14*

*p < 0.05.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance for acute viral hepatitis: United States, 2007. MMWR Surveill Sum 2009;58:SS-3.

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