Chemical Speciation of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in South Phoenix, AZ

Figures & data

Figure 1. South Phoenix study area showing the SPE, SPW, and TC sampling sites, local roadways, the Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport, and the area surrounding the airport with predominantly industrial and commercial land uses.

Table 1. Summary of mean (±uncertainty), minimum, and maximum concentrations (ng/m3) of PM_2.5 and its chemical components

	SPE			SPW			TC
Species	Mean	Uncertainty	Minimum–Maximum	Mean	Uncertainty	Minimum–Maximum	Mean	Uncertainty	Minimum–Maximum
PM	12,950	83	2,600-30,200	12,978	83	2,600-42,500	8,822	83	2,500-27,000
OC	4,460	357	1,307-10,044	4,884	391	1,480-13,941	3,387	271	915-8,261
EC	1,363	191	213-3,294	1,497	210	329-4,262	926	130	241-2,404
Al	56	4	6.76-167	47	3	11.1-82.8	30	2	10.3-71.3
As	0.8	0.2	0.02-4.16	1.0	0.3	0.07-5.72	0.4	0.1	0.04-1.97
Ba	7.7	0.3	0.31-26.1	8.8	0.4	0.59-25.5	7.7	0.3	1.73-27.5
Ca	84	13	9.86-300	60	9	13.8-82.6	36	5	18.0-70.1
Cr	1.0	0.1	<Blk-2.35	1.6	0.2	0.19-8.72	0.70	0.07	0.22-1.59
Cu	7.6	0.4	0.16-23.8	7.8	0.4	0.56-24.5	6.2	0.3	1.55-18.1
Fe	147	6	<Blk-369	128	6	9.01-250	78	3	21.7-155
K	168	14	11.8-897	216	17	20.9-1,355	248	20	16.0-1,887
Mn	9.9	0.8	0.28-42.6	3.7	0.3	0.28-6.91	1.3	0.1	0.35-2.99
Ni	0.4	0.1	<Blk-1.03	0.9	0.3	0.43-2.11	0.4	0.1	0.19-0.73
Pb	4.6	0.3	0.02-22.9	4.7	0.3	0.37-22.2	2.0	0.1	0.32-9.76
Rb	0.19	0.02	<Blk-0.61	0.19	0.02	<Blk-0.88	0.09	0.01	<Blk-0.41
Sb	1.39	0.04	<Blk-4.68	1.58	0.05	0.12-4.85	1.07	0.03	0.26-2.47
Se	0.3	0.5	<Blk-0.98	0.5	0.8	<Blk-2.02	0.2	0.3	<Blk-0.77
Sr	1.35	0.08	<Blk-6.31	1.36	0.08	0.12-5.50	3.0	0.2	0.25-21.2
Ti	5.9	0.8	0.53-18.2	5.2	0.7	0.63-10.0	3.3	0.4	0.87-6.36
V	0.18	0.04	<Blk-0.51	0.16	0.03	0.04-0.37	0.15	0.03	0.05-0.46
Zn	12.7	0.9	<Blk-29.9	14	1	2.50-43.4	4.9	0.4	1.46-14.9
Notes: Analytical uncertainty calculated using the average percent relative SD of elements, calculated by taking the average of analytical uncertainty and the average of ambient concentrations. One PM2.5 and one PM10 data point at SPE was missing; Blk = average of filter blank concentrations (see supplemental Table S2 for details).

Table 2. Summary of mean (±uncertainty), minimum, and maximum concentrations (ng/m³) of PM₁₀ and its chemical components

	SPE			SPW			TC
Species	Mean	Uncertainty	Minimum–Maximum	Mean	Uncertainty	Minimum–Maximum	Mean	Uncertainty	Minimum–Maximum
PM	41,750	83	7,100-73,600	28,278	83	8,500-55,500	19,767	83	7,400-45,500
OC	7,690	538	1,993-11,702	7,220	505	2,307-16,188	4,451	312	1,363-9,977
EC	1,659	265	298-3,635	1,852	296	377-4,603	1,104	177	372-2,705
Al	1,196	27	90.4-2,835	524	12	101-1,212	387	9	115-752
As	1.0	0.1	0.14-2.78	1.0	0.1	0.04-4.56	0.55	0.07	0.07-2.19
Ba	37.0	0.9	3.16-71.2	29	1	3.31-49.9	26.2	0.6	6.42-56.8
Ca	1,313	86	118-3,440	551	36	118-1,203	410	27	123-794
Cr	3.8	0.1	0.23-6.88	3.5	0.1	0.45-11.0	1.69	0.07	0.58-3.17
Cu	25.2	0.5	1.72-39.4	23.0	0.5	2.01-39.3	22.3	0.5	5.86-43.8
Fe	1,088	21	116-2,368	661	13	103-1,338	488	9	146-761
K	633	19	67.5-1,286	386	12	72.8-1,163	459	14	63.2-2,698
Mn	36.4	0.9	2.80-94.7	13.3	0.3	2.23-28.5	8.1	0.2	2.66-13.5
Ni	2.2	0.2	<Blk-4.50	1.7	0.1	0.64-2.63	1.3	0.1	0.40-2.22
Pb	6.3	0.2	0.47-17.0	5.6	0.2	0.58-19.4	3.3	0.1	0.50-12.4
Rb	2.00	0.07	0.20-4.65	0.97	0.04	0.20-1.89	0.68	0.03	0.20-1.56
Sb	3.09	0.05	0.21-4.76	2.99	0.05	0.27-5.36	3.05	0.05	0.72-5.24
Se	0.5	0.5	<Blk-0.99	0.3	0.3	<Blk-0.76	0.2	0.2	<Blk-0.64
Sr	9.1	0.2	1.02-17.8	5.3	0.1	1.13-8.92	6.5	0.1	1.32-28.9
Ti	86	3	12.3-200	45	1	9.02-108	31	1	10.2-52.2
V	1.8	0.1	0.21-4.02	1.00	0.05	0.22-2.08	0.70	0.03	0.27-1.07
Zn	36.8	1.0	3.47-70.9	29.3	0.8	5.22-57.0	16.5	0.5	4.34-30.4
Notes: Analytical uncertainty calculated using the average percent relative SD of elements, calculated by taking the average of analytical uncertainty and the average of ambient concentrations. One PM2.5 and one PM10 data point at SPE was missing; Blk = average of filter blank concentrations (see supplemental Table S2 for details).

Figure 2. Temporal change in (a) PM_2.5 and (b) PM₁₀ concentrations at three sampling sites.

Figure 3. Temporal changes in Fe, K, Ba, and Cu in PM_2.5 at (a) SPE, (b) SPW, and (c) TC. Error bars represent analytical uncertainty measured as the percent relative SD of elements.

Figure 4. Ratio of PM_2.5 to PM₁₀ components. Error bars represent 1 SD of measurements.

Figure 5. Association of (a) PM_2.5, (b) PM₁₀, (c) PM_2.5 EC, (d) PM₁₀ EC, (e) PM_2.5 Fe, and (f) PM₁₀ Fe with WS at the three sampling sites.

Figure 6. PC1 vs. PC2 for (a) PM_2.5 and (b) PM₁₀ components at SPW.

Figure 7. EFs for elements in ambient samples. EFs were calculated with reference to average composition of suspended soil samples at South Phoenix study area.

Harrison , R.M. and Yin , J.X. 2000 . Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere: Which Particle Properties Are Important for Its Effects on Health? . Sci. Total Environ. , 249 : 85 – 101 .

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