Characterization of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Mixed-Use Urban Community in Paterson, NJ: Concentrations and Sources

Figures & data

Table 1. Description of monitoring sites and background site

Monitoring Site	Monitoring Location	Dominant Source	Site Characteristics
Background	Chester, NJ	No identified local sources	58 km away from Paterson
			Designated background site for state UATM
Commercial	Paterson, NJ	Area sources	Typical urban downtown
			Close to the commercial district
			Near active railroad
Industrial	Paterson, NJ	Stationary sources	Heavily industrial impacted area
			Large industrial facilities
Mobile	Paterson, NJ	Mobile sources	Close to U.S. Interstate 80 and Route 19 and County Route 639, 673, and 648
			Near at New Jersey Transit Bus Depot and active railroad

Table 2. Ambient PAH concentrations (ng/m³) detected at the four sampling sites

	Background (n = 54)				Commercial (n = 50)				Industrial (n = 49)				Mobile (n = 44)
Compound	Mean	SD	Min	Max	Mean	SD	Min	Max	Mean	SD	Min	Max	Mean	SD	Min	Max
Nap	8.49	11.98	0.03	62.61	38.83	47.32	0.19	215	26.88	33.61	0.82	146	33.42	46.30	1.47	275
Ace	0.77	2.03	0.01	13.53	10.37	33.12	0.13	233	7.01	19.54	0.04	116	9.68	35.98	0.17	241
Acen	1.94	3.88	0.01	25.51	3.50	4.28	0.05	21.23	3.51	4.30	0.02	17.36	3.77	7.42	0.02	48.4
Flu	6.00	8.84	0.02	45.31	20.10	49.82	0.76	335	15.24	27.84	0.04	155	15.88	42.83	0.06	288
Phen	5.16	4.76	0.02	23.41	19.21	15.58	2.98	74.34	18.36	22.08	0.11	144	27.27	42.15	0.21	243
AN	0.23	0.70	0.01	5.10	2.02	6.81	0.09	48.68	0.98	1.54	0.05	10.1	1.07	1.65	0.03	10.6
Fluo	0.56	0.36	0.01	2.01	2.37	1.61	0.48	7.00	2.16	2.13	0.09	13.31	2.71	2.76	0.11	16.11
Py	0.22	0.18	0.03	0.94	1.51	1.06	0.22	5.63	1.27	1.38	0.03	8.56	1.43	1.57	0.08	7.91
BaA	0.04	0.04	0.01	0.21	0.08	0.09	0.01	0.38	0.12	0.21	0.01	1.00	0.12	0.22	0.01	1.35
Chry	0.06	0.07	0.01	0.34	0.13	0.11	0.01	0.50	0.18	0.28	0.01	1.50	0.16	0.29	0.01	1.79
BbF	0.08	0.13	0.01	0.68	0.13	0.23	0.01	1.00	0.16	0.34	0.01	2.25	0.16	0.31	0.01	1.7
BkF	0.04	0.06	0.01	0.38	0.07	0.11	0.01	0.55	0.10	0.23	0.01	1.23	0.08	0.12	0.01	0.48
BaP	0.05	0.07	0.01	0.41	0.08	0.12	0.01	0.58	0.10	0.23	0.01	1.57	0.10	0.16	0.01	0.77
BghiP	NA	NA	ND	0.77	NA	NA	ND	0.68	NA	NA	ND	1.38	NA	NA	ND	0.99
Indeo	NA	NA	ND	0.55	NA	NA	ND	0.51	NA	NA	ND	0.99	NA	NA	ND	0.59
DiBa	0.05	0.12	0.01	0.87	0.10	0.16	0.01	0.73	0.13	0.28	0.02	1.76	0.13	0.26	0.01	1.53
Notes: NA = not applicable, ND = not detected.

Table 3. PAH concentrations (gas phase + particle phase, ng m⁻³) at various locations

Site	Phen	Py	BaP	BbF + BkF	∑13PAH
Chester, NJ ^a	5.16	0.22	0.05	0.12	12.5
Commercial, Paterson, NJ ^a	19.2	1.51	0.08	0.20	45.9
Industrial, Paterson, NJ ^a	18.4	1.27	0.1	0.26	38.9
Mobile, Paterson, NJ ^a	27.3	1.43	0.1	0.24	49.2
Jersey City, NJ31	15.0	2.1	0.19	0.55	50.0
CDS, Camden, NJ32	12.4	1.23	0.21	0.41	27.8
WFS, Camden, NJ32	15.5	1.47	0.36	0.61	34.8
Houston, TX30	19.0	2.3	0.025	0.15	46.0
Elizebeth, NJ30	26.0	3.6	0.14	0.22	53.0
Sandy Hook, NJ27	4.88	0.48	0.04	0.12	8.13
Sturgeon Point, NY33	4.01	0.58	0.06	0.09	6.70
Notes: ^aThis study.

Figure 1. Profiles of the contribution for each individual PAH to ∑PAHs at the commercial/industry/mobile site: (a) lighter PAHs and (b) heavier PAHs.

Table 4. Ratios of ambient PAHs at different monitoring site in different seasons

Site	Season	Fluo/(Fluo + Py)	BaA/Chry	Phen/(Phen + An)	BaA/BaP ^a
Commercial	Spring	0.63	0.65	0.93	1.01
	Summer	0.66	0.44	0.97	2.15
	Fall	0.59	0.69	0.95	3.21
	Winter	0.55	0.59	0.85	1.09
Industrial	Spring	0.68	0.79	0.95	1.17
	Summer	0.67	0.75	0.94	5.48
	Fall	0.62	1	0.94	2.77
	Winter	0.58	0.63	0.86	3.59
Mobile	Spring	0.7	0.87	0.95	1.52
	Summer	0.73	0.31	0.97	1.47
	Fall	0.68	0.87	0.97	6.79
	Winter	0.59	0.59	0.9	1.02
Background	Spring	0.71	0.92	0.94	1.21
	Summer	0.76	0.93	0.96	1.35
	Fall	0.66	0.61	0.91	2.51
	Winter	0.67	0.49	0.82	1.11
Reference40–44	Diesel	0.60–0.70	0.4–0.6	0.65	1
	Gasoline	0.4	–	0.5	0.5
	Wood	–	0.79	–	1
	Oil	0.62	–	>0.70	–
	Coal/Coke	–	1.0–1.2	–	–
Notes: ^aBaP measured in the summer at all locations had >50% nondetects, so the ratio of BaA/BaP could be biased higher than the true values.

Table 5. Spearman correlation coefficients between ∑PAHs and elements, EC, and OC in different seasons and monitoring sites

Site	Season	Cu	Mn	Zn	Pb	Fe	EC	OC
Commercial	Spring	0.767 ^a	0.750 ^a	0.750 ^a	0.733 ^a	0.750 ^a	0.733 ^a	0.700 ^a
	Summer	0.560 ^a	0.484	0.753 ^a	0.429	0.588 ^a	0.544 ^a	0.522
	Fall	0.771 ^a	0.718 ^a	0.600 ^a	0.564 ^a	0.739 ^a	0.679 ^a	0.611 ^a
	Winter	0.773 ^a	0.464	0.755 ^a	0.782 ^a	0.827 ^a	0.736 ^a	0.682 ^a
Industrial	Spring	0.867 ^a	0.867 ^a	0.883 ^a	0.883 ^a	0.950 ^a	0.893 ^a	0.857 ^a
	Summer	0.407	0.288	0.327	0.244	0.556 ^a	0.222	0.345
	Fall	0.350	0.379	0.229	−0.175	0.450	0.354	0.235
	Winter	0.381	0.595	0.405	0.381	0.476	0.233	0.083
Mobile	Spring	0.952 ^a	0.929 ^a	0.976 ^a	0.690 ^a	0.976 ^a	0.905 ^a	0.976 ^a
	Summer	0.190	−0.452	−0.048	0.000	−0.357	0.095	0.095
	Fall	0.244	0.323	0.059	0.165	0.292	0.240	0.138
	Winter	0.773 ^a	0.764 ^a	0.782 ^a	0.709 ^a	0.736 ^a	0.718 ^a	0.718 ^a
Background	Spring	0.164	−0.042	0.442	0.042	0.261	0.491	0.127
	Summer	0.248	0.073	0.125	−0.033	0.253	0.204	0.147
	Fall	0.632 ^a	0.441	0.688 ^a	0.538 ^a	0.518 ^a	0.638 ^a	0.168
	Winter	0.600 ^a	0.627 ^a	0.509	0.073	0.436	0.745 ^a	0.673 ^a
Notes: ^aSignificant at the 0.05 level.

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