Sleep disturbances, psychiatric disorders, and psychotropic drugs

Figures & data

Figure 1 Simplified representation of the various structures implicated in arousal mechanisms and their interrelationships. Light-blue boxes, activated structures; blue boxes, deactivated structures; light-blue arrows, excitatory influences; blue arrows, inhibitory influences. GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; PPT/LDT pediculopontine tegmental/laterodorsal tegmental nuclei; TMN, tuberomammillary nucleus; VLPO, ventrolateral preoptic nucleus. Reproduced from reference 12: Staner L, Luthringer R, Macher JP. Développement de molécules actives dans l'insomnie: actualités et aspects méthodologiques. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2003;159(11 suppI):6S486S55. Copyright © 2003. Masson, Paris, France.

Figure 2 Simplified representation of various structures implicated in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) mechanisms and their interrelationships. Light-blue boxes, activated structures; blue boxes, deactivated structures; light-blue arrows, excitatory influences; blue arrows, inhibitory influences. GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; PPT/LDT pediculopontine tegmental/laterodorsal tegmental nuclei; TMN, tuberomammillary nucleus; VLPO, ventrolateral preoptic nucleus. Reproduced from reference 12: Staner L, Luthringer R, Macher JP. Développement de molécules actives dans l'insomnie: actualités et aspects méthodologiques. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2003;159(11 suppl):6S486S55. Copyright © 2003. Masson, Paris, France.

Figure 3 Simplified representation of various structures implicated in rapid eye movement (REM) mechanisms and their interrelationships. Light-blue boxes, activated structures; blue boxes, deactivated structures; light-blue arrows, excitatory influences; blue arrows, inhibitory influences. GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; PPT/LDT pediculopontine tegmental/laterodorsal tegmental nuclei; TMN, tuberomammillary nucleus; VLPO, ventrolateral preoptic nucleus.