Neurobiological consequences of traumatic brain injury

Figures & data

Figure 1. Simplified summary of traumatic brain injury (TBI)-associated cellular injury cascades. Of note is that events are triggered at the time of injury but the full evolution of the process plays out over hours to weeks after injury. For the details see ref 24.

Figure 2. Outline of frontal subcortical circuits relevant to common neurobehavioral sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Adapted from ref 111: Arciniegas DB, Beresford TP. Neuropsychiatry: an introductory Approach. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2001:58. Copyright © Cambridge University Press, 2001

Table I. Neural substrates of common sequelae of TBI. TBI, traumatic brain injury; PTSD; post-traumatic stress disorder; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid

Figure 3. (A) Brain regions vulnerable to damage in a typical traumatic brain injury (TBI); (B) Relationship of vulnerable brain regions to common neurobehavioral sequelae associated with TBI.

(A) Adapted from ref 112: Bigler E. Structural imaging In: Silver J, McAllister T, Yudofsky S, eds. Textbook of Traumatic Brain Injury. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press; 2005:87. Copyright © American Psychiatric Press, 2005. (B) Adapted from ref 111: Arciniegas DB, Beresford TP. Neuropsychiatry: an Introductory Approach. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2001:58. Copyright © Cambridge University Press, 2001