A brief review of the genetics and pharmacogenetics of opioid use disorders

Figures & data

Figure 1 The average percent positive urine drug screen result (positive meaning that the urine tested positive for an opioid other than the one prescribed, ie, the participant relapsed) is given for African-American subjects randomized to methadone (N=left panel) or buprenorphine/naloxone (N=right panel) for each week from 0 through 24 weeks. Week 32 is a follow-up appointment, 8 weeks after the end of the study. The gray line indicates participants who are homozygous C (the major allele), and the black line indicates participants with at least one T allele. Generalized estimating equations were used to calculate the effect of this gene-environment interaction when the 24 weeks of urinalysis data were taken as repeated measures. A significant interaction between the genotype at rs678849 and treatment group was again observed in African Americans (relative risk=3.26; 95% confidence interval 2.66-4.19; P=5.9 x 10^-5).