Participation in research bronchoscopy: a literature review

Figures & data

Table 1 Modified PICO scheme used for a literature review on participation in research bronchoscopy studies

P1	P2	I	O
COPD (MeSH)	Patients (MeSH)	Bronchoscopy (MeSH)	Patient participation (MeSH)
COPD (tw)	Patients (tw)	Bronchoscopy (tw)	Participation (tw)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (tw)	Participants (tw)		Response (tw)
	Human volunteers (MeSH)		Non-response (tw)
	Volunteers (tw)		Attitude (MeSH)
	Study (MeSH major topic)		Attitude (tw)
	Trial (MeSH major topic)		Motivation (MeSH)
	Research subjects (MeSH)		Motivation (tw)
	Research subjects/psychology (MeSH)		Refusal to participate (MeSH)
	Clinical research (MeSH)		Refusal to participate (tw)
			Informed consent (MeSH)
			Participation rate, patient (MeSH)
			Participation rate (tw)
			Patient selection (MeSH)
			Patient selection (tw)
			Advertising as topic (MeSH)
			Advertising (tw)
			Risk assessment (MeSH)
			Risk assessment (tw)
			Altruism (MeSH)
			Altruism (tw)
			Perception (tw)

The P1 column was excluded in the final search due to a paucity of results.

P, population; I, intervention; C, comparison; O, outcomes; MeSH, medical subject headings; tw, text words

Table 2 Number of retrieved papers for a literature search in the databases PubMed and EMBASE on participation in research bronchoscopy studies according to classification criteria

Classification criteria	PubMed	EMBASE
Total number retrieved	989	987
Non-English/non-Scandinavian language	102	None
Case studies/series	82	427
Secondary publications	116	108
Non-human studies	7	None
Participation not a major topic	674	443
Papers included in review	8	9
Papers common to PubMed and EMBASE searches	7

Secondary publications included reviews, expert panels, letters, guidelines, and so on. The EMBASE search excluded studies in languages other than English and Scandinavian languages, as well as non-human studies

Table 3 Overview of the included papers after a literature search on participation in research bronchoscopy studies

Author, year of publication, country (reference)	Study objective	Main outcomes	N	Population	Inclusion criteria	Design	Purpose of bronchoscopy	Bronchoscopy procedure	Relevant findings
Lipman, 1998, United Kingdom and United States (14)	Examine acceptability of research bronchoscopy in asymptomatic HIV subjects	Pre- and post-bronchoscopic participation motives, willingness to undergo second procedure. Response rates	Responders: 75 Non-responders: 23	HIV-infected individuals, 18–60 years	No acute/chronic respiratory disease, IV drug use or antiretroviral therapy	Prospective semistructured, self-completed questionnaires	Harvest cell populations from the lung	Bronchoscopy with BAL	Response rate: 70% Participation motives: personal benefits, altruism Non-responders younger 79% would accept second research bronchoscopy
Mtunthama, 2008, Malawi and United Kingdom (15)	Examine adequacy of study information, motives for participation, and complication rate in a research bronchoscopy study	Participation motives, perceived sufficiency of study information, self-reported adverse events	100	Malawian volunteers	None given	Prospective. Interviews with both open and closed questions	Determine factors underlying susceptibility to respiratory infection among adults	Bronchoscopy with BAL	Response rate: not given Participation motives: personal benefit, study enthusiasm All agreed to a second bronchoscopy. 94% considered pre-information adequate and useful
Kerrison, 2008, United Kingdom (12)	Examine patients’ experience of clinical research	Participation motives, importance of referral and consent procedures, sufficiency of study information	18 in bronchoscopy study	Six clinical studies	None given	Retrospective qualitative study. Telephone interviews, questionnaires or focus groups	Identify and sample suspicious lesions	Fluorescence bronchoscopy and optical biopsy	Response rate: 64% in bronchoscopy substudy Participation benefits: extra care, increased surveillance, see an expert and help researchers and others Most encountered studies through the caregiving hospital
Kye, 2009, USA (13)	Examine various recruitment strategies	Response rates and cost calculations	137	Healthy ex-smokers, ≥30 pky	No contraindications for bronchoscopy or celecoxib, no use of certain medications or no cancer	Prospective study. Telephone interviews	Examination and sampling	White light and fluorescence bronchoscopy with BAL and bronchial biopsies	Response rate: 3.1% Radio advertisements generated most inquiries, followed by Internet, print media, posted flyers, and mass mailing
Schook, 2010, Netherlands (17)	Examine whether participation in a smoking cessation trial could influence smoking cessation	Smoking cessation rate and influence of participation on cessation	146	Healthy current or former smokers, ≥20 pky	No serious comorbid disease, FEV1 below 1000 mL or use of systemic or inhaled corticosteroids in previous year	Retrospective study. Questionnaire-based telephone interviews	Examination	Autofluorescence or white light bronchoscopy with biopsies	Response rate: 73% Participation motives: personal benefit
Patel, 2012, United Kingdom (16)	Examine methods and participation in a lung cancer screening study	Participation motives, declining reasons, and views on screening method	60	Current or ex-smokers, ≥20 pky and or ≥20 years, with mild to moderate COPD	No serious comorbid disease, life expectancy ≥5 years	Prospective qualitative study. Semi-structured interviews	Examination	Fluorescence bronchoscopy with biopsies	Response rate: not given Participation motives: personal benefit, altruism Participation barriers: fear, bad experiences, and travel
Chudleigh, 2013, United Kingdom (11)	Examine recruitment and retention of CF infants and healthy controls, as well as parental attitudes to participation	Participation motives, benefits, and disadvantages. Response rates	Cases: 85 Volunteers: 56	Infants with and without CF, including parents	CF: no contraindicated disorders, no preterms. Healthy controls: no medical and/or social contraindications, ≥2500 g	Prospective longitudinal, observational study. Self-completed questionnaires	Examination	Bronchoscopy with BAL	Response rate: 69% (CF), 21% (healthy controls) Participation motives: personal benefit, altruism

BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CF, cystic fibrosis; FEV1, Forced expiratory volume; pky, pack-years.