Combining biofeedback and Narrative Exposure Therapy for persistent pain and PTSD in refugees: a pilot study

Figures & data

Table 1 Means, standard deviations, treatment effect sizes and time course (N=15 for all time points)

	Means (standard deviations)				Effect sizes (Cohen's d)			Symptom time course
Variables	T1a	T2b	T3c	T4d	T1–T2	T2–T3	T3–T4	Time contrasts (F) GLM
VRS	4.80 (.94)	4.40 (.83)	3.87 (.92)	3.35 (1.12)	0.45	0.61	0.44	12.82*** (3, 42)
PDI	23.40 (9.46)	22.33 (8.31)	20.82 (10.69)	15.39 (9.50)	0.11	0.15	0.53	4.39** (3, 42)
CAPS	83.19 (22.51)	78.47 (22.76)	47.33 (23.87)	48.95 (26.70)	0.1	1.43	−0.01	22.01*** (1.3, 18.39)
QoL	17.88 (4.08)	18.62 (5.79)	19.51 (5.34)	21.47 (6.20)	−0.15	−0.15	−0.37	5.54** (3, 42)

Note: VRS, Verbal Rating Scale (range 1–6); PDI, Pain Disability Index (range 0–40); CAPS, Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (0–136); QoL, Eurohis Quality of Life (8–40).

a T1 = pre-biofeedback (BF)

b T2 = post-BF/pre-NET

c T3 = post-NET

d T4 = 3 months follow-up.

** p<.01

*** p<.001.

Fig. 1 Changes over time of observed variables at four time points (time course). Note: VRS, Verbal Rating Scale; PDI, Pain Disability Index; CAPS, Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale; QoL, Eurohis Quality of Life. Brackets indicating standard deviations.