Validation of the Davidson Trauma Scale in its original and a new shorter version in people exposed to the F-27 earthquake in Chile

Figures & data

Table 1 Significant relations between 17 DTS items and home damage item in three samples

	Home damage item
DTS items	Sample 1	Sample 2	Sample 3	% sig
1RE	0.234	0.258	0.267	100
2RE	0.281	0.133	0.233	67
3RE	0.182	0.034	0.098	33
4RE	0.154	0.291	0.107	67
5RE	0.163	0.156	0.060	67
6AN	0.181	0.108	0.226	67
7AN	0.249	0.102	−0.002	33
8AN	0.200	0.220	0.188	100
9AN	0.185	−0.002	0.140	33
10AN	0.210	0.092	0.096	33
11AN	0.150	0.081	0.073	33
12HA	0.245	0.177	0.192	100
13HA	0.156	0.120	0.233	67
14HA	0.218	0.067	0.194	67
15HA	0.099	0.189	0.170	67
16HA	0.176	0.181	0.150	100
17HA	0.169	0.053	0.123	33
% Sig.	94	41	53	63

Note: All significant correlations (at least p<0.05) are in bold. In italics are significant at 5% (p<0.05), in italics and underlined, significant at 1% (p<0.01).

Table 2 Rotated factor matrix for two factor solutions

		Factors
Label	Item	1	2	3
1RE	“He tenido alguna vez imágenes, recuerdos o pensamientos dolorosos del acontecimiento”	0.699	0.306	0.265
2RE	“He tenido alguna vez pesadillas sobre el acontecimiento”	0.636	0.301	0.248
3RE	“He sentido que el acontecimiento estaba ocurriendo de nuevo, como si lo estuviera reviviendo”	0.670	0.315	0.309
4RE	“Hay cosas que me lo han hecho recordar”	0.690	0.128	0.287
5RE	“He tenido sensaciones físicas por recuerdos del acontecimiento (como transpiración, temblores, palpitaciones, mareos, náuseas o diarrea)”	0.609	0.241	0.361
6AN	“He estado evitando pensamientos o sentimientos sobre el acontecimiento”	0.725	0.322	0.177
7AN	“He estado evitando hacer cosas o estar en situaciones que me recordaran el acontecimiento”	0.649	0.420	0.179
8AN	“He sido incapaz de recordar partes importantes del acontecimiento”	0.342	0.222	0.435
9AN	“He tenido dificultad para disfrutar de las cosas”	0.480	0.378	0.546
10AN	“Me he sentido distante o alejado de la gente”	0.239	0.119	0.752
11AN	“He sido incapaz de tener sentimientos de tristeza o de afecto”	0.177	0.261	0.689
12AN	“He tenido dificultad para imaginar una vida larga y cumplir mis objetivos”	0.345	0.325	0.666
13HA	“He tenido dificultad para iniciar o mantener el sueño”	0.576	0.416	0.361
14HA	“He estado irritable o he tenido accesos de ira”	0.196	0.627	0.266
15HA	“He tenido dificultades para concentrarme”	0.410	0.607	0.317
16HA	“Me he sentido nervioso, fácilmente distraído, o como en guardia”	0.368	0.828	0.260
17HA	“He estado nervioso o me he asustado fácilmente”	0.388	0.822	0.213

Note: Factorial loadings in bold letter where item belongs to a factor. The original DTS items (Davidson et al., 1997) are: (1RE) “Have you had painful images, memories or thoughts of the event?”; (2RE) “Have you had distressing dreams of the event?”; (3RE) “Have you felt as though the event was re-occurring?”; (4RE) “Have you been upset by something which reminded you of the event?”; (5RE) “Have you been physically upset by reminders of the event?”; (6AN) “Have you been avoiding any thoughts or feelings about the event?”; (7AN) “Have you been avoiding doing things or going into situations which remind you about the event?”; (8AN) “Have you found yourself unable to recall important parts of the event?”; (9AN) “Have you have difficulty enjoying things?”; (10AN) “Have you felt distant or cut off from other people?”; (11AN) “Have you been unable to have sad or loving feelings?”; (12AN) “Have you found it hard to imagine having a long lifespan fulfilling your goals?”; (13HA) “Have you had trouble falling asleep or staying asleep?”; (14HA) “Have you been irritable or had outburst of anger?”; (15HA) “Have you had difficulty concentrating?”; (16HA) “Have you felt on edge, been easily distracted, or had to stay ‘on guard’?”; (17HA) “Have you been jumpy or easily startled?.”

Fig. 1 Standardized version of CFA for DTS original model.

Fig. 2 Standardized version of CFA for DTS empirical model.

Fig. 3 Standardized version of CFA for new DTS-SF.

Fig. 4 Standardized version of CFA for DTS second order model.

Fig. 5 Standardized version of CFA for new DTS-SF second order model.

Table 3 Descriptive statistics for DTS items

	Sample 1			Sample 2			Sample 3
Item	M	SD	S	M	SD	S	M	SD	S
1RE	1.145	1.763	1.771	1.295	1.815	1.448	2.160	2.195	0.952
2RE	0.830	1.563	2.128	0.820	1.424	1.946	1.365	1.980	1.518
3RE	0.600	1.345	2.188	0.600	1.272	2.252	1.555	2.017	1.215
4RE	0.810	1.512	1.993	0.945	1.648	1.606	2.640	2.113	0.825
5RE	0.620	1.402	2.437	0.525	1.307	2.626	1.350	2.133	1.618
6AN	0.500	1.260	2.747	0.485	1.195	2.868	1.605	2.175	1.378
7AN	0.305	0.973	3.322	0.485	1.228	2.742	1.355	2.145	1.684
8AN	0.615	1.482	2.564	0.245	0.865	4.580	1.300	1.921	1.664
9AN	0.395	1.203	3.402	0.580	1.335	2.649	1.275	1.990	1.829
10AN	0.315	0.990	3.723	0.210	0.793	4.612	1.065	1.791	1.954
11AN	0.600	1.467	2.640	0.180	0.768	5.585	1.140	1.892	1.790
12AN	0.860	1.663	1.875	0.365	1.090	3.562	1.630	2.289	1.418
13HA	0.595	1.338	2.414	0.845	1.601	1.903	2.135	2.587	0.987
14HA	0.730	1.417	2.073	0.555	1.366	2.685	1.835	2.257	1.063
15HA	1.005	1.806	1.776	0.515	1.264	2.710	2.055	2.275	0.968
16HA	1.170	1.936	1.540	0.905	1.590	1.846	2.220	2.435	0.863
17HA	0.635	1.401	2.325	1.000	1.653	1.617	2.430	2.509	0.773

Note: All items are not normally distributed according to the Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Shapiro–Wilk (p<0.05).