Family environment and adult resilience: contributions of positive parenting and the oxytocin receptor gene

Figures & data

Table 1 Participant characteristics

Participant variables
Age M (SD)	34.84 (8.83)
Female (%)	69.7
Household monthly income (%)
$0–$499	37.5
$500–$999	26.4
$1,000–$1,999	25.1
$2,000 or more	10.0
Moderate or severe childhood abuse (CTQ) (%)
Physical abuse	20.1
Sexual abuse	27.3
Emotional abuse	18.6
Physical neglect	13.2
Emotional neglect	15.3
Lifetime trauma exposure (TEI) (%)
Childhood family environment score, M (SD)	6.40 (3.67)
PTSD symptom score, M (SD)	11.92 (12.32)
Resilient coping score, M (SD)	31.61 (7.69)
Positive affect score, M (SD)	36.55 (9.42)
OXTR rs53576 genotype (%)
GG	62
AG	33
AA	5

CTQ=Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; TEI=Traumatic Events Inventory.

Table 2 Correlations among positive family environment, childhood maltreatment index, other lifetime trauma exposures, resilient coping, and positive affect (N=519)

Variables	1	2	3	4	5	6
Positive family environment	–
Number of types of child maltreatment	−0.50***	–
Lifetime trauma exposure	−0.30***	0.45***	–
PTSD symptoms	−0.38***	0.49***	0.51***	–
Resilient coping	0.35***	−0.36***	−0.28***	−0.46***	–
Positive affect	0.34***	−0.29***	−0.20***	−0.36***	0.71***	–

*** p<0.001.

PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder.

Table 3 Regression predicting resilient coping from demographics, lifetime total trauma, childhood abuse, PTSD symptoms and childhood family environment (N=510)

Model	R ^2	SE (R ^2)	FΔ	p
Sex, age, education, income*	0.06	7.12	8.26	<0.001
Lifetime total trauma	0.15	6.79	50.84	<0.001
Childhood maltreatment	0.19	6.62	28.65	<0.001
PTSD symptoms	0.27	6.31	50.34	<0.001
Childhood family environment	0.30	6.18	23.05	<0.001
Coefficients—final step	b	SE (b)	t	p	VIF
Sex	−0.51	0.73	−0.70	0.49	1.20
Age	−0.001	0.02	−0.07	0.40	1.11
Education	0.69	0.17	3.99	0.005	1.07
Income	0.59	0.21	2.79	<0.001	1.07
Lifetime total trauma	−0.07	0.12	−0.60	0.55	1.64
Childhood maltreatment	−0.18	0.03	−6.58	0.45	1.87
PTSD	−0.29	0.37	−0.76	<0.001	1.60
Childhood family environment	0.44	0.09	4.80	<0.001	1.54

* The variable for sex was coded as male=0 and female=1. The age variable was continuous. The education variable was an ordinal variable with the following values: 0 ≤ 12th-grade education, 1=12th-grade education, 2=GED, 3=some postsecondary education, 4=technical school graduate, 5=college graduate, 6=graduate school-level education. The income variable was ordinal with the following values: 0 ≤ $250/month, 1=$250–499/month, 2=$500–999/month, 3=$250–499/month, 4=$1,000–1,999/month, 5 ≥ $1,999/month.

PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; VIF, Variance Inflation Index.

Table 4 Regression predicting positive affect from demographics, lifetime total trauma, childhood abuse, PTSD symptoms and childhood family environment (N=510)

Model	R ^2	SE (R ^2)	FΔ	p
Sex, age, income, education*	0.05	8.25	7.24	<0.001
Lifetime total trauma	0.09	8.08	22.31	<0.001
Childhood maltreatment	0.12	7.95	17.82	<0.001
PTSD symptoms	0.17	7.73	29.62	<0.001
Childhood family environment	0.24	7.45	39.64	<0.001
Coefficients—final step	b	SE (b)	t	p	VIF
Sex	0.97	0.88	1.09	0.27	1.21
Age	−0.02	0.03	−0.75	0.45	1.12
Education	0.68	0.21	3.25	0.002	1.07
Income	0.68	0.21	3.20	0.001	1.07
Lifetime total trauma	0.08	0.14	0.57	0.57	1.64
Childhood maltreatment	0.20	0.45	0.45	0.65	1.87
PTSD	−0.16	0.03	−0.4.80	<0.001	1.60
Childhood family environment	0.70	0.11	6.30	<0.001	1.54

* The variable for sex was coded as male=0 and female=1. The age variable was continuous. The education variable was an ordinal variable with the following values: 0 ≤ 12th-grade education, 1=12th-grade education, 2=GED, 3=some postsecondary education, 4=technical school graduate, 5=college graduate, 6=graduate school-level education. The income variable was ordinal with the following values: 0 ≤ $250/month, 1=$250–499/month, 2=$500–999/month, 3=$250–499/month, 4=$1,000–1.999/month, 5 ≥ $1,999/month.

PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; VIF, Variance inflation index.

Fig. 1 Combined positive affect and resilient coping, OXTR rs53576 genotype and level of family warmth and stability. Note: The combined positive affect and resilient coping data are presented as z scores and error bars reflect standard deviation.