Intimate partner violence and drug-addicted women: from explicative models to gender-oriented treatments

Figures & data

Table 1 Estimated number of the extent of drug consumption and drug-related problems among the world general population aged 15–64, 2011

Country	Injecting drug users	HIV among injecting drug users	Drug-related deaths
Africa	997,574	117,502	36,435
America	3,427,561	369,445	52,569
Asia	5,692,005	637,271	104,116
Europe	3,777,948	492,054	15,469
Eastern/Southern Europe	2,907,484	433,836	8,087
Western/Central Europe	870,464	58,217	7,382
Oceania	128,005	1,308	1,957
Global	14,023,092	1,617,580	210,546

Source: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, data from the annual report questionnaire, progress reports of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS).

Table 2 Risk factors related to intimate partner violence

Perpetration by men	Victimization of women
Individual level
Demographics	Demographics
• Young age	• Young, age
• Low socio-economic status/income	• Low socio-economic status/income
• Law education	• Low education
• Unemployment	• Separated/divorced marital status
	• Pregnancy
Exposure to child maltreatment	Exposure to child maltreatment
• Intra-parental violence	• Intra-parental violence
• Sexual abuse	• Sexual abuse
• Physical abuse
Mental disorder	Mental disorder
• Antisocial personality	• Depression
Substance use	Substance use
• Harmful use of alcohol	• Harmful use of alcohol
• Illicit drug use	• Illicit drug use
• Acceptance of violence	• Acceptance of violence
• Past history of being abusive	• Exposure to prior abuse/victimization
Relationship level
• Educational disparity	• Educational disparity
• Multiple partners/infidelity	• Number of children
Relationship duality	Relationship quality
• Marital dissatisfaction/discord	• Marital dissatisfaction/discord
• Gender role disputes
• Marital duration
Community level
• Acceptance of traditional gender roles	• Acceptance of traditional gender roles
Neighborhood characteristics	Neighborhood characteristics
• High proportion of poverty	• High proportion of poverty
• High proportion of unemployment	• High proportion of unemployment
• High proportion of male literacy	• High proportion of female literacy
• Acceptance of violence	• Acceptance of violence
• High proportion of households that use corporal punishment	• Law proportion of women with high level of autonomy
• Law proportion of women with higher education
• Weak community sanctions	• Weak community sanctions
Societal level
	• Divorce regulations by government
	• Lack of legislation on intimate partner violence within marriage
	• Protective marriage law
• Traditional gender norms and social norms supportive of violence	• Traditional gender norms and social norms supportive of violence

Source: World Health Organization and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) (2010).

Fig. 1 Pathways and health effects on intimate partner violence.

Source: World Health Organization, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), and the South African Medical Research Council (2013).

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. World drug report 2013. 2013b; Vienna: Author.

 Google Scholar

World Health Organization, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, & South African Medical Research Council. Global and regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. 2013; Geneva: WHO Press.

 Google Scholar