Factor structure of PTSD, and relation with gender in trauma survivors from India

Figures & data

Table 1 Mean, SD, skewness, and kurtosis of the DSM-IV-TR cluster items of PTSD, the three DSM-IV criteria of PTSD, and intercorrelations of the items (N=313)

Sx	M (SD)	Skew/Kurt	B1	B2	B3	B4	B5	C1	C2	C3	C4	C5	C6	C7	D1	D2	D3	D4	D5
B1	2.23 (1.32)	0.84/ − 0.47	1
B2	1.71 (1.09)	1.61/1.78	0.53	1
B3	1.98 (1.26)	1.09/ − 0.09	0.42	0.45	1
B4	2.55 (1.44)	0.44/ − 1.19	0.48	0.47	0.46	1
B5	1.95 (1.31)	1.13/ − 0.06	0.45	0.55	0.49	0.44	1
C1	2.42 (1.45)	0.57/ − 1.09	0.41	0.50	0.35	0.50	0.46	1
C2	2.18 (1.34)	0.83/ − 0.60	0.37	0.44	0.40	0.42	0.50	0.57	1
C3	1.94 (1.24)	1.16/0.19	0.37	0.44	0.42	0.41	0.44	0.50	0.46	1
C4	2.00 (1.27)	1.04/ − 0.15	0.30	0.27	0.32	0.36	0.36	0.25	0.38	0.19	1
C5	1.78 (1.22)	1.48/0.99	0.34	0.30	0.45	0.36	0.42	0.35	0.42	0.37	0.46	1
C6	1.66 (1.12)	1.73/1.98	0.28	0.26	0.38	0.22	0.43	0.29	0.43	0.38	0.40	0.59	1
C7	2.05 (1.41)	0.98/ − 0.55	0.29	0.29	0.27	0.38	0.30	0.25	0.34	0.22	0.39	0.34	0.38	1
D1	1.71 (1.18)	1.70/1.80	0.34	0.38	0.45	0.39	0.51	0.33	0.32	0.34	0.33	0.36	0.36	0.31	1
D2	2.58 (1.54)	0.44/ − 1.33	0.26	0.20	0.26	0.19	0.34	0.24	0.22	0.23	0.19	0.29	0.27	0.30	0.35	1
D3	2.17 (1.37)	0.88/ − 0.60	0.41	0.40	0.44	0.38	0.40	0.41	0.43	0.30	0.36	0.40	0.37	0.27	0.41	0.37	1
D4	2.66 (1.46)	0.35/ − 1.25	0.43	0.34	0.41	0.42	0.41	0.43	0.37	0.31	0.36	0.42	0.30	0.28	0.36	0.22	0.39	1
D5	2.29 (1.39)	0.73/ − 0.83	0.33	0.34	0.37	0.39	0.37	0.37	0.33	0.36	0.29	0.34	0.27	0.44	0.36	0.37	0.47	0.53	1

Table 2 PCL total score, PTSD means according to the three DSM-IV-TR criteria, and proportion with diagnosis of PTSD according to DSM-IV-TR and according to the PCL cutoff score

	Total (N=313)		Sample 1 (N=200)		Sample 2 (N=113)
	Mean (SD)/percentage	Skew/Kurt	Mean(SD)/percentage	Skew/Kurt	Mean(SD)/percentage	Skew/Kurt
PCL total (α=0.91, 0.90, 0.92a^†)	35.85 (14.26)	0.75/0.00	35.44 (12.14)	0.48/ − 0.38	36.59 (17.44)	0.80/ − 0.44
Criteria B (α=0.81, 0.79, 0.84^†)	10.41 (4.89)	0.81/ − 0.07	10.41 (4.15)	0.59/ − 0.24	10.42 (6.0)	0.89/ − 0.49
Criteria C (α=0.81, 0.78, 0.84^†)	14.03 (6.18)	0.87/0.28	14.01 (5.33)	0.58/ − 0.44	14.07 (7.48)	1.0/0.13
Criteria D (α=0.75, 0.73, 0.80^†)	11.41 (4.93)	0.74/ − 0.12	11.02 (4.12)	0.59/ − 0.18	12.11 (6.07)	0.60/ − 0.83
PTSD* (DSM-IV-TR)	20.4	–	18	–	24.8	–
PTSD* (PCL cutoff≥50)	16.9	–	12	–	25.7	–

Variable with superscript* has value depicted as percentage. Cronbach's alpha (α) values in bold face are for total sample, in italics are for sample 1, and with superscript † are for sample 2. Skew = skewness; Kurt = kurtosis.

Table 3 Fit indices for the three models

Models	χ^2	Y–B χ ^2	df	CFI/TLI	SRMR	RMSEA	RMSEA 90% CI	BIC
Model 1	309.14	216.18	113^a	0.92/0.91	0.05	0.05	0.04–0.07	16471.27
Model 2	320.67	221.15	113^a	0.92/0.90	0.05	0.06	0.04–0.07	16483.95
Model 3	293.18	205.02	109^a	0.93/0.91	0.05	0.05	0.04–0.06	16478.94

^aIndicates significance at p<0.001 level. Model 1=Emotional Numbing model; Model 2=Dysphoria model; Model 3=Dysphoric Arousal model; Y–B χ ²=scaled Yuan–Bentler Chi-square; CFI=comparative fit index; TLI=Tucker–Lewis index; SRMR=standardized root mean square; RMSEA=root mean square error of approximation; CI=confidence interval; BIC=Bayesian information criterion.

Table 4 Standardized factor loadings across the Emotional numbing model, the Dysphoria model, and the Dysphoric Arousal model, and factor correlations for the Dysphoric Arousal model

Item	Emotional Numbing		Dysphoria		Dysphoric Arousal
B1. Intrusive thoughts	0.66		0.66		0.66
B2. Nightmares	0.70		0.70		0.70
B3. Flashbacks	0.67		0.67		0.67
B4. Emotional reactivity	0.67		0.67		0.67
B5. Physical reactivity	0.74		0.74		0.74
C1. Avoidance of thoughts	0.74		0.75		0.75
C2. Avoidance of reminders	0.77		0.77		0.77
C3. Trauma-related amnesia	0.57		0.58		0.57
C4. Loss of interest	0.58		0.56		0.58
C5. Feeling detached	0.73		0.67		0.73
C6. Feeling numb	0.68		0.62		0.69
C7. Foreshortened future	0.54		0.53		0.53
D1. Sleep disturbance	0.63		0.62		0.65
D2. Irritability	0.48		0.46		0.49
D3. Difficulty concentrating	0.68		0.65		0.69
D4. Hyper-vigilance	0.65		0.73		0.73
D5. Exaggerated startle	0.66		0.72		0.72
Factor correlation for Dysphoric Arousal model	Re-experiencing	Avoidance	Numbing	Dysphoric Arousal	Anxious Arousal
Avoidance	0.83	–
Numbing	0.79	0.76	–
Dysphoric Arousal	0.86	0.72	0.81	–
Anxious Arousal	0.76	0.68	0.73	0.81	–

All values are significant at p<0.001 level.

Table 5 Unstandardized regression coefficients of the five factors of the Dysphoric Arousal model of PTSD (DSM-IV-TR) on gender in a MIMIC model

Factors of Dysphoric Arousal model of PTSD	B	S.E.	z-test	Direction of effect
Re-experiencing	−0.35**	0.13	2.72	F>M
Avoidance	−0.12	0.13	0.86	–
Numbing	−0.16	0.13	1.24	–
Dysphoric Arousal	−0.14	0.15	0.95	–
Anxious Arousal	−0.44**	0.15	2.99	F>M

F>M=females have a higher score than males. **p<0.01.