Trauma or growth after a natural disaster? The mediating role of rumination processes

Figures & data

Table 1 Means, standard deviations, composite reliability (CR), AVE, √AVE, and correlations between main study measures

Measures	Min.	Max.	Mean	SD	CR	AVE	√AVE	2	3	4	5
SS	0	8	5.58	1.99	0.90	0.82	0.91	0.49***	0.43***	0.50***	0.32***
Brooding	0	21	8.95	5.73	0.90	0.57	0.76	–	0.54***	0.73***	0.28***
DR	0	12	6.21	3.19	0.88	0.64	0.80		–	0.55	0.44***
PTS	0	36	10.76	9.60	0.93	0.68	0.83			–	0.25***
PTG	0	45	29.22	11.19	0.93	0.61	0.78				–

SS, subjective severity; DR, deliberate rumination; PTS, posttraumatic symptoms; PTG, posttraumatic growth. ***p<0.001.

Table 2 Standardized factor loadings for latent variables in the measurement model

Latent variable	Factor indicators	SE	Z	Factor loadings
Subjective severity	S1	–	–	0.71
	S2	0.160	9.00	0.90
Brooding	BPAR1	–	–	0.86
	BPAR2	0.031	21.27	0.84
	BPAR3	0.033	19.61	0.88
Deliberate rumination	RUM1	–	–	0.73
	RUM2	0.088	12.46	0.75
	RUM3	0.092	13.03	0.79
	RUM4	0.089	10.64	0.63
Posttraumatic symptoms	Avoidance	–	–	0.89
	Hyperarousal	0.044	23.16	0.87
	Intrusion	0.038	26.13	0.93
Posttraumatic growth	Self-perception	–	–	0.87
	Interpersonal relations	0.081	16.99	0.89
	Life philosophy	0.048	12.99	0.65

All parameter estimates are significant at p <0.001.

Fig. 1 Hypothesized model 1. (See variable names in Table 2).

Fig. 2 Alternative model 2 (See variable names in Table 2).

Table 3 Fit indices for model 1 and model 2

Model	χ ^2 (gl)	p	χ ^2/gl	CFI	TLI	PNFI	RMSEA (90% CI)
Model 1	169.97 (85)	0.00	2.00	0.97	0.97	0.77	0.053 (0.04–0.07)
Model 2	146.96 (83)	0.00	1.77	0.98	0.97	0.75	0.047 (0.03–0.06)

Table 4 The standardized indirect effects, the 95% CI for the estimates (lower and upper bound), their standard errors, and p-values

Variable	Indirect effects (95% CI)	SE	p
SS→PTG	0.559/1.400	0.931	0.001
Brooding→PTG	0.185/0.432	0.291	0.001
SS→PTS	1.211/2.039	1.59	0.001

SS, subjective severity; PTG, posttraumatic growth; PTS, posttraumatic symptoms.