Glycemic index and glycemic load are associated with some cardiovascular risk factors among the PREMIER study participants

Figures & data

Table 1. Baseline and changes of dietary intakes and lipid profiles by quartiles of GI change at 6 and 18 months^a

Mean±SD		6-month quartile				18-month quartile
(N)	Baseline	1 (172)	2 (172)	3 (173)	4 (172)	1 (182)	2 (182)	3 (183)	4 (182)
GIΔ	60±1	−4.08±0.43	−3.43±0.11	−3.07±0.10	−2.64±0.20	−3.65±0.47	−2.96±0.12	−2.59±0.10	−2.14±0.22
EnergyΔ, Mjoule	8.16±2.61	−2.83±2.78	−1.50±1.89	−0.45±1.86	0.62±1.85	−3.14±2.52	−1.23±1.92	−0.3±1.87	0.72±1.70
CarbohydrateΔ, E%^b	51.1±9.6	4.52±10.87	5.14±10.92	4.04±10.88	2.44±13.21	3.31±10.37	3.56±10.43	1.89±10.59	2.27±13.31
ProteinΔ, E%	15.9±4.0	1.89±4.52	1.20±4.08	1.65±5.05	0.88±6.26	2.0±4.46	1.84±4.75	1.46±5.13	1.12±5.82
Total FatΔ, E%	33.2±7.6	−5.87±8.85	−5.53±9.64	−4.69±9.42	−3.16±10.77	−4.83±9.05	−4.55±8.61	−2.80±9.17	−2.86±10.81
SFAΔ, E%	11.0±3.2	−1.98±3.94	−2.11±4.20	−1.66±3.75	−1.16±4.43	−1.62±3.65	−2.05±3.58	−1.04±3.81	−1.47±3.99
PFAΔ, E%	6.8±2.5	−1.12±3.05	−1.03±2.78	−0.88±2.91	−0.39±3.30	−0.66±3.49	−0.66±3.15	−0.83±2.85	−0.01±3.49
MFAΔ, E%	12.7±3.4	−2.54±4.12	−2.13±4.27	−1.94±4.18	−1.43±4.79	−2.26±4.35	−1.69±3.99	−0.88±4.43	−1.20±4.87
Dietary cholesterolΔ, mg	276±161	−118.9±252.2	−61.42±181.3	−30.45±167.4	3.87±149.3	−119.6±224.6	−50.82±178.6	−9.41±166.4	−6.69±145.3
Total CholΔ, mmol/L	5.48±1.0	−0.31±0.66	−0.29±0.68	−0.30±0.58	−0.22±0.66	−0.44±0.92	−0.32±0.83	−0.30±0.75	−0.40±0.87
LDL cholΔ, mmol/L	3.50±0.89	−0.18±0.56	−0.24±0.57	−0.24±0.52	−0.20±0.60	−0.40±0.87	−0.32±0.82	−0.31±0.73	−0.36±0.81
HDL cholΔ, mmol/L	1.26±0.34	−0.01±0.15	−0.02±0.17	−0.03±0.16	−0.03±0.16	0.03±0.15	0.01±0.19	0.01±0.18	0.01±0.18
TriglycerideΔ, mmol/L	1.62±1.13	−0.26±0.77	−0.09±0.96	−0.05±0.79	−0.03±0.75	−0.25±0.76	−0.17±0.76	−0.12±0.68	−0.10±0.53
GLΔ	141±42	−85.44±39.15	−28.86±10.21	2.72±10.09	40.91±17.94	−88.02±40.52	−28.88±9.85	3.40±9.06	41.30±19.34

^aAll values expressed are mean±SD of changes by quartiles of GI change values.

^bE% = Energy percent.

Table 2. Association of changes in body weight and cardiovascular risk factors with changes in GI and GL at 6 or 18 months^a

	6-month change in GI		18-month change in GI		6-month change in GL		18-month change in GL
Risk factor	β±SE	p value	β±SE	p value	β±SE	p value	β±SE	p value
Body weight, kg	−4.28±4.75	0.37	5.88±5.77	0.31	−0.05±0.06	0.39	0.05±0.07	0.53
SBP, mmHg	1.08±4.31	0.80	2.95±4.80	0.54	0.05±0.06	0.38	0.02±0.06	0.78
DBP, mmHg	1.82±3.01	0.55	0.62±3.27	0.85	0.04±0.04	0.28	0.00±0.04	0.99
TC, mmol/L^b	0.27±0.32	0.41	0.62±0.31	0.05^c	0.00±0.00	0.92	0.01±0.00	0.02^d
LDL-C, mmol/L	0.08±0.30	0.79^e	0.28±0.29	0.10	0.00±0.00	0.74	−0.00±0.00	0.03^d
HDL-C, mmol/L	0.05±0.08	0.54	0.15±0.09	0.09	0.00±0.00	0.42	0.00±0.00	0.18
Triglyceride mmol/L	0.35±0.41	0.40	0.59±0.36	0.10	−0.01±0.01	0.20	0.00±0.00	0.96
Fasting insulin, pmol/L	17.4±26.4	0.51	45.5±35.5	0.20	0.24±0.33	0.48	0.27±0.44	0.54
Fasting glucose, mmol/L	−0.68±0.37	0.06	−0.25±0.40	0.53	−0.00±0.01	0.37	−0.00±0.01	0.58
Homocysteine, µmol/L	−7.89±4.33	0.07	NA	NA	−0.01±0.06	0.88	NA	NA

^aAll models were adjusted for energy intake, percent kcal from carbohydrate, percent kcal from fat, fiber, age, gender, race, education, treatment and cohort. β: adjusted effect estimates, TC: total cholesterol, LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol.

^bMultiplication factors used to convert the conventional unit to the SI units: TC 0.0259; LDL-C 0.0259; HDL-C 0.0259; triglyceride 0.0113; insulin 6.945; glucose 0.0555; and homocysteine 7.397.

^cThe p value was <0.05 but rounded to 0.05 for consistent presentation. The interaction term GI×age was statistically significant at 18 months for TC (p=0.01, β = − 0.02±0.01 mmol/L).

^dThe interaction term GL×age was statistically significant at 18 months for TC (p=0.03, β = − 0.00±0.00 mmol/L) and LDL-C (p=0.03, β = − 0.0±0.0 mmol/L).

^eThe interaction term GI×Race was statistically significant at 6 months for LDL-C (p=0.04, β = 0.22±0.11 mmol/L), however, when the same model was analyzed for the two racial groups separately, neither showed a significant association.