Impact of chromium dinicocysteinate supplementation on inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic subjects: an exploratory analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

Figures & data

Table 1 Number of subjects stratified based on medication usage

Medication regimen	Placebo (n=25) (% of subjects)	CDNC (n=24) (% of subjects)	CP (n=25) (% of subjects)
Metformin	13 (52)	18 (75)	12 (48)
Metformin+Januvia	2 (8)	None	None
Metformin+Glipizide	6 (24)	2 (8.3)	5 (20)
Metformin+Glyburide	2 (8)	4 (16.7)	4 (16)
Metformin+Januvia+Glyburide	None	None	1 (4)
Avandia	None	None	1 (4)
No medication	2 (8)	None	2 (8)

Table 2 Demographic and baseline characteristics of metformin using subjects

	Placebo (n=13)	CDNC (n=18)	CP (n=12)	p value
Age (years)	46.9±3.2	49.3±2.1	50.6±3.3	0.461
Weight (kg)	99.9±8.5	101.1±8.0	103.9±7.2	0.638
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	138.8±21.2	130.2±11.7	110.8±6.9	0.497
HbA1c (%)	7.6±0.6	7.5±0.4	6.9±0.3	0.595
Insulin (µU/mL)	25.5±4.6	32.5±5.2	25.8±4.2	0.684
TNF-α (pg/mL)	6.5±1.1	5.9±0.3	5.9±0.8	0.869
Protein carbonyl (OD/plasma)	0.38±0.03	0.40±0.02	0.39±0.04	0.819
Insulin resistance (HOMA)	7.9±1.6	9.9±1.7	7.0±1.1	0.674

Values are expressed as mean±SEM. p values were obtained by comparing the mean values among the three groups using the Kruskal–Wallis test. No significant differences were observed among the groups.

Table 3 Mean changes in fasting glucose and insulin levels plus insulin resistance from baseline to 3 months among metformin-using subjects

			p value
Variable	Study groups (n)	Average change	Overall^a	Within group^b	vs. placebo^c	vs. CP^c
Glucose (mg/dL)	Placebo (13)	−6.62±12.65	0.20	0.66	–	–
	CDNC (18)	−10.50±3.81		0.02*	0.10	0.20
	CP (12)	6.75±13.81		0.92	0.66	–
Insulin (µU/mL)	Placebo (13)	3.73±3.21	0.08	0.31	–	–
	CDNC (18)	−8.80±3.49		0.04*	0.03*	0.20
	CP (12)	−1.93±2.57		0.73	0.30	–
Insulin resistance (HOMA)	Placebo (13)	1.35±1.22	0.02*	0.30	–	–
	CDNC (18)	−3.52±1.20		0.01*	0.01*	0.0515
	CP (12)	0.65±1.53		0.73	0.38	–

Values are expressed as mean±SEM. ^aOverall p value was obtained by comparing the mean changes among the three groups using the Kruskal–Wallis test. ^bThe Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to determine changes between the baseline and 3 months. ^cThe Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to determine pairwise differences on mean changes among the groups. *Significant at 5% level (p≤0.05).

Table 4 Mean changes in blood TNF-α and protein carbonyl levels from baseline to 3 months among metformin-using subjects

			p value
Variable	Study groups (n)	Average change	Overall^a	Within group^b	vs. placebo^c	vs. CP^c
TNF-α (pg/mL)	Placebo (13)	0.77±1.11	0.15	0.99	–	–
	CDNC (18)	−1.04±0.54		0.005**	0.03*	0.87
	CP (12)	−1.19±0.86		0.27	0.34	–
Protein carbonyl (OD/plasma)	Placebo (13)	0.03±0.02	0.033*	0.11	–	–
	CDNC (18)	−0.03±0.02		0.08	0.02*	0.77
	CP (12)	−0.05±0.03		0.07	0.03*	–

Values are expressed as mean±SEM. ^aOverall p value was obtained by comparing the mean changes among the three groups using the Kruskal–Wallis test. ^bThe Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to determine changes between the baseline and 3 months. ^cThe Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to determine pairwise differences on mean changes among the groups. *Significant at 5% level (p≤0.05). **Significant at 1% level (p≤0.01).