Blood pressure in adult rural INDEPTH population in Asia

Figures & data

Figure 1.  Mean systolic blood pressure (mmHg) (95%CI) in nine HDSS sites, by gender.

Figure 2.  Distribution of diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) and its 95%CI in nine HDSS sites by gender.

Table 1. Prevalence (%) of raised blood pressure (95%CI) in nine HDSS sites, by different cut points and gender

	Bangladesh				India	Vietnam		Indonesia	Thailand
	Matlab	Mirsarai	Abhoynagar	WATCH	Vadu	Chililab	Filabavi	Purworejo	Kanchanaburi
Men
Cut-off ≥140/90 mmHg	12.5 (10.4–14.5)	20.3 (17.8–22.9)	13.3 (11.3–15.4)	7.4 (5.8–9)	25.5 (22.7–28.2)	22.4 (19.9–24.9)	20.2 (17.6–22.7)	24.1 (21.4–26.7)	32.1 (29.2–35)
Cut-off ≥160/100 mmHg	5.0 (3.6–6.3)	12.3 (10.3–14.3)	7.5 (5.9–9.1)	2.6 (1.6–3.5)	6.3 (4.8–7.9)	8.8 (7.2–10.5)	8.7 (6.9–10.4)	7.4 (5.8–8.9)	12.6 (10.6–14.6)
Women
Cut-off ≥140/90 mmHg	21.0 (18.4–23.5)	27.4 (24.6–30.2)	19.8 (17.3–22.3)	11.2 (9.1–13.2)	21.6 (19.1–24.1)	14.7 (12.6–16.7)	10.3 (8.5–12.1)	24.0 (21.3–26.8)	24.0 (21.4–26.5)
Cut-off ≥160/100 mmHg	12.4 (10.4–14.5)	18.0 (15.6–20.4)	12.6 (10.5–14.6)	6.3 (4.8–7.9)	7.2 (5.7–8.8)	5.5 (4.2–6.8)	4.9 (3.7–6.2)	10 (8.1–11.9)	12.1 (10.2–14.1)
Total
Cut-off ≥140/90 mmHg	17.1 (15.5–18.8)	24.1 (22.2–26)	16.8 (15.2–18.5)	9.3 (8–10.6)	23.6 (21.7–25.4)	18.3 (16.7–20)	15.1 (13.5–16.6)	24.1 (22.1–26)	27.7 (25.8–29.6)
Cut-off ≥160/100 mmHg	9.1 (7.8–10.4)	15.3 (13.7–16.9)	10.2 (8.9–11.6)	4.5 (3.6–5.4)	6.8 (5.7–7.9)	7.1 (6.1–8.1)	6.7 (5.7–7.8)	8.7 (7.5–10)	12.4 (11–13.8)

Table 2. Percent (95%CI)) of men and women on treatment by different blood pressure groups in nine HDSS sites

	Bangladesh				India	Vietnam		Indonesia	Thailand
	Matlab	Mirsarai	Abhoynagar	WATCH	Vadu	Chililab	Filabavi	Purworejo	Kanchanaburi
Men
SBP < 140 and DBP < 90	8.2 (6.2–10.2)	10.8 (8.6–13.1)	7.5 (5.7–9.4)	3.7 (2.4–5.1)	1.7 (0.8–2.7)	2.6 (1.6–3.6)	2.5 (1.5–3.5)	1.4 (0.5–2.3)	4.9 (3.4–6.4)
SBP ≥ 140 or DBP > = 90	14.9 (9.2–20.5)	21.2 (15.4–27.1)	22.7 (15.9–29.5)	15.2 (7.8–22.5)	7.1 (3.7–10.5)	13.3 (7.8–18.8)	13.1 (6.5–19.7)	5.9 (2.7–9)	20.4 (15.3–25.6)
SBP ≥ 160 or DBP ≥ 100	26 (14.7–37.3)	23 (12.9–33.2)	28.8 (15.9–41.7)	16 (1.1–30.8)	2.9 (−1.1–6.9)	41.8 (24.3–59.2)	8.6 (−3.2–20.4)	9.3 (3.1–15.5)	31.5 (20.7–42.3)
All men	3.1 (2–4.2)	7.8 (6.1–9.5)	6.1 (4.6–7.6)	1.7 (0.9–2.5)	1.4 (0.7–2.1)	5.5 (4.2–6.8)	5.1 (3.7–6.5)	2.2 (1.3–3)	5.6 (4.2–7)
Women
SBP < 140 and DBP < 90	2.1 (1.1–3.1)	5.9 (4.2–7.5)	3.9 (2.6–5.2)	1 (0.3–1.6)	0.7 (0.1–1.3)	3 (1.9–4.1)	3.9 (2.6–5.3)	0.6 (0–1.1)	2.8 (1.6–4)
SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90	11.7 (5.3–18)	18.5 (12.6–24.4)	25.8 (17.4–34.2)	12.3 (4.3–20.3)	3.5 (1.2–5.8)	15.6 (11–20.3)	10.5 (6–15)	6.7 (3.6–9.9)	11.5 (8–15.1)
SBP ≥ 160 or DBP ≥ 100	13.8 (−1.4–29.1)	22.1 (12.2–31.9)	45.8 (28.6–63)	11.6 (−9.4–32.7)	1.7 (−1.6–4.9)	25.4 (13.2–37.6)	13 (4.8–21.3)	18 (8.9–27)	9.7 (3.7–15.8)
All women	9.1 (7.2–11)	12.8 (10.6–14.9)	9.5 (7.7–11.4)	4.6 (3.2–6)	2.8 (1.8–3.8)	3.9 (2.8–5.1)	3.3 (2.2–4.4)	2.5 (1.5–3.5)	8 (6.4–9.6)
Total
SBP < 140 and DBP < 90	5.4 (4.2–6.6)	8.5 (7–9.9)	5.8 (4.7–7)	2.4 (1.6–3.1)	1.2 (0.7–1.8)	2.8 (2–3.5)	3.1 (2.3–4)	1 (0.5–1.5)	4 (3–5)
SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90	13.6 (9.4–17.9)	20.1 (15.9–24.3)	23.9 (18.6–29.2)	13.9 (8.5–19.3)	5.1 (3.1–7.1)	14.7 (11.1–18.3)	11.4 (7.7–15.1)	6.3 (4.1–8.5)	15.5 (12.4–18.5)
SBP ≥ 160 or DBP ≥ 100	22.6 (13.3–31.8)	22.6 (15.4–29.8)	34.8 (24.4–45.2)	14.6 (2.5–26.7)	2.3 (−0.3–4.8)	31.9 (21.6–42.2)	11.6 (4.9–18.3)	12.8 (7.6–18)	20.2 (13.8–26.5)
All	6.4 (5.3–7.6)	10.4 (9.1–11.8)	7.9 (6.7–9.2)	3.2 (2.4–4)	2.1 (1.5–2.7)	4.7 (3.8–5.6)	4.2 (3.3–5.1)	2.3 (1.7–3)	6.8 (5.8–7.9)

Table 3. Association (OR and 95%CI) between demographic variables and raised blood pressure (≥140/90 and/or on treatment) in nine HDSS sites

	Bangladesh				India	Vietnam		Indonesia	Thailand
Variables	Matlab	Mirsarai	Abhoynagar	WATCH	Vadu	Chililab	Filabavi	Purworejo	Kanchanaburi
Sex
Men	0.45 (0.35–0.59)	0.64 (0.51–0.8)	0.59 (0.46–0.76)	0.54 (0.4–0.74)	1.13 (0.9–1.43)	1.79 (1.42–2.26)	2.44 (1.86–3.2)	1.15 (0.91–1.45)	1.86 (1.5–2.3)
Women	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Age groups (years)
25–34	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
35–44	1.74 (1.17–2.59)	1.47 (1.06–2.04)	1.58 (1.05–2.39)	2.1 (1.24–3.56)	1.98 (1.41–2.77)	1.7 (1.18–2.45)	2.22 (1.43–3.43)	2.21 (1.46–3.35)	1.71 (1.25–2.35)
45–54	2.75 (1.87–4.04)	2.01 (1.45–2.77)	2.52 (1.7–3.73)	3.46 (2.09–5.74)	2.53 (1.8–3.56)	2.54 (1.8–3.6)	3.19 (2.08–4.9)	4.87 (3.24–7.31)	2.55 (1.86–3.51)
55–64	4.8 (3.28–7.01)	3.67 (2.68–5.03)	5.09 (3.49–7.42)	5.01 (3.03–8.3)	3.72 (2.59–5.33)	3.5 (2.47–4.95)	6.61 (4.34–10.08)	10.27 (6.82–15.47)	3.79 (2.78–5.17)
Highest education
No schooling and not graduated from primary school	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Graduated from primary school	1.06 (0.77–1.47)	0.95 (0.65–1.38)	1.04 (0.67–1.61)	2.03 (1.27–3.23)	0.88 (0.61–1.27)	1.03 (0.65–1.64)	0.55 (0.33–0.92)	0.91 (0.69–1.2)	0.91 (0.72–1.15)
Graduated from secondary school	1.57 (0.95–2.59)	1 (0.75–1.32)	1.28 (0.93–1.76)	1.65 (0.97–2.81)	0.99 (0.71–1.37)	0.97 (0.65–1.46)	0.63 (0.42–0.93)	0.9 (0.62–1.3)	0.96 (0.64–1.46)
Graduated from high school or university	1.97 (1.28–3.04)	1.17 (0.74–1.84)	0.98 (0.53–1.82)	2.06 (1.13–3.75)	1.17 (0.84–1.62)	0.8 (0.53–1.22)	0.82 (0.51–1.31)	1.21 (0.83–1.78)	0.95 (0.66–1.38)
Overweight
No	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Yes	3.21 (2.28–4.53)	2.11 (1.53–2.92)	2.67 (1.89–3.77)	3.44 (2.12–5.58)	3.29 (2.49–4.36)	2.03 (1.39–2.96)	4.94 (2.57–9.5)	2.51 (1.86–3.37)	2.42 (1.95–3)

Note: Figures are OR (95%CI).