Impacts of flood on health: epidemiologic evidence from Hanoi, Vietnam

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of study population

	Rural area of Hanoi		Urban area of Hanoi
	Dong Son Non-flooded	Nam P. Tien Flooded	Thanh Tri Non-flooded	Thinh Liet Flooded
Number of households	n=194	n=205	n=250	n=222
Average number of persons/household	4.55	4.91	4.23	4.34
Gender of respondents	n=194	n=205	n=250	n=222
Male	57.1	61.0	49.2	53.6
Female	42.9	39.0	50.8	46.4
Religion	n=883	n=1,007	n=1,057	n=963
Catholic	12.7	0.1	0.1	0.9
Protestant	0	0.1	0	0
Buddhist	4.5	3.1	0.9	0.7
Ancestor	79.0	96.7	95.9	93.5
Other	3.7	0	3.1	4.9
Income/person/month 1 US$ = 17,813 VND	587,650 = 33 $	462,130 = 26 $	1,111,160 = 63$	1,096,710 = 62$
Marital status	n=883	n=1,007	n=1,057	n=963
Married	49.7	50.4	57.3	56.1
Unmarried	45.6	43.6	38.0	38.7
Separated	0.2	0.1	0.2	0
Divorced	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.5
Widowed	4.2	5.7	4.3	4.7

Table 2. Experience with the historic flood in Hanoi in 2008

	Rural area of Hanoi		Urban area of Hanoi
	Dong Son Non-flooded	Nam P. Tien Flooded	Thanh Tri Non-flooded	Thinh Liet Flooded
Present at the time of flood	n=883	n=1,007	n=1,057	n=963
Yes	98.0	98.0	97.4	99.6
Migrated due to flood	1.6	54.6	2.3	22.6
Place to stay after displacement	n=14	n=550	n=24	n=218
Relative/Friend	100.0	85.3	100.0	89.4
Temporary shelter from relief agencies	0	1.1	0	1.8
Temporary shelter from government	0	5.3	0	0.9
Others	0	8.4	0	7.8
School goers before flood	23.9	23.5	21.9	24.5
School activities affected by flood	59.1	90.3	77.5	92.8
Your daily routine affected subsequent to flood?	48.6	89.0	53.8	89.3

Table 3. Access to health care services

	Rural area of Hanoi		Urban area of Hanoi
	Dong Son Non-flooded	Nam P. Tien Flooded	Thanh Tri Non-flooded	Thinh Liet Flooded
	n=194	n=205	n=250	n=222
Access and use of usual health care/medication compromised?	7.2	50.7*	8.0	56.4*
Reasons	n=14	n=105	n=19	n=103
Road damaged	78.6	69.5	63.2	68.0
Lack of medication	0	15.2	0	1.0
Health centre destroyed	0	3.8	21.1	34.0
Not enough health care professionals	0	3.8	0	0
Transportation unavailable	21.4	39.6	21.1	24.3
Lack of money	21.4	13.3	0	4.9
Others	0	11.3	31.6	25.2

*p-value < 0.05.

Table 4. Injuries within 1 month after the historic flood

	Rural area of Hanoi		Urban area of Hanoi
	Dong Son Non-flooded	Nam P. Tien Flooded	Thanh Tri Non-flooded	Thinh Liet Flooded
Injured (n)	2	13	4	8
Type of Injury (n)
Bone fracture	1	2	0	0
Laceration/contusion	0	7	2	3
Cuts	0	1	0	5
Multiple trauma	0	0	1	0
Other	1	3	1	0
Cause of Injury (n)	2	13	4	8
Fall	2	9	2	3
Drowning	0	0	0	1
Traffic accident	0	0	1	0
Other	0	4	1	4

Table 5. Health conditions within 1 month after the historic flood

	Rural area of Hanoi		Urban area of Hanoi
	Dong Son Non-flooded	Nam P. Tien Flooded	Thanh Tri Non-flooded	Thinh Liet Flooded
	n=194	n=205	n=250	n=222
Any family member ever have psychological problems, e.g. stress, nervousness, anxiousness, sleeplessness? (%)	33	58*	21.6	33.8*
Having psychological problems before the heavy rain/flood? (%)	n=82	n=192	n=69	n=111
	90.2	71.4*	89.9	50.5*
Did the psychological problems get worse after the heavy rain/flood? (%)	n=74	n=137	n = 62	n = 56
	36.6	84.1*	34.8	63.1*
Any family member ever been diagnosed by a doctor as having hypertension? (%)	17.5	18.5	26.8	27.0
Having hypertension before the heavy rain/flood? (%)	33	41	74	63
	100	80.5*	95.9	93.7
Did the hypertension get worse after the heavy rain/flood? (%)	n=33	n=33	n=71	n = 59
	33.3	51.2	20.3	42.9*
Any family member ever been diagnosed by a doctor as having dengue fever? (%)	1	4.4	1.2	2.7
Having dengue fever after the heavy rain/flood? (%)	n=1	n=15	n=3	n=7
	0	86.7	66.7	85.7
Any family member ever been diagnosed by a doctor as having pink eye? (%)	14.4	22.4	4.0	4.5
Having pink eye after the heavy rain/flood? (%)	n = 42	n=69	n=11	n=10
	64.3	92.8*	45.5	100*
Any family member ever been diagnosed by a doctor as having dermatitis? (%)	13.9	55.6*	7.2	12.6*
Having dermatitis after the heavy rain/flood? (%)	n=38	n=229	n=23	n=34
	57.9	96.5*	95.7	88.2

*p-value < 0.05.