Knowledge of the health consequences of tobacco smoking: a cross-sectional survey of Vietnamese adults

Figures & data

Table 1. Distribution of adults ≥15 years by selected demographic characteristics – Viet Nam GATS, 2010

	Weighted
Demographic characteristics	Percentage (95% CI*)	Number of adults (in thousands)	Unweighted number of adults
Overall	100	64,321	9,925
Gender
Male	48.6 (47.3–49.9)	31,259	4,356
Female	51.4 (50.1–52.7)	33,063	5,569
Age (years)
15–24	25.9 (24.6–27.2)	16,637	1,656
25–44	41.9 (40.6–43.2)	26,944	4,251
45–64	23.4 (22.4–24.5)	15,065	2,886
65+	8.8 (8.2–9.5)	5,675	1,132
Residence
Urban	30.7 (30.0–31.4)	19,725	4,958
Rural	69.3 (68.6–70.0)	44,596	4,967
Education level
Primary or less	26.0 (24.2–27.8)	12,377	2,034
Lower secondary	52.5 (50.8–54.3)	25,031	3,981
Upper secondary	14.3 (13.1–15.5)	6,794	1,023
College or above	7.2 (6.6–7.9)	3,447	1,227

*95% confidence interval.

N=9,925 individuals from 656 PSUs of 6 strata.

Table 2. Knowledge of health consequences of tobacco smoking by demographic characteristics

	Active smoking causes serious illness	Secondhand smoking causes serious illness
Demographic characteristics	Percentage (95% CI*)	Percentage (95% CI*)
Over all	93.4 (91.0–95.2)	83.8 (81.3–86.1)
Sex
Male	93.7 (91.9–95.1)	84.3 (81.8–86.4)
Female	93.2 (89.9–95.4)	83.4 (80.3–86.1)
Residence
Urban	97.1 (96.4–97.6)	90.8 (89.7–91.8)
Rural	92.1 (88.8–94.5)	81.3 (78.0–84.2)
Ethnic group
Kinh	96.8 (96.1–97.3)	88.2 (87.0–89.2)
Other	84.3 (76.6–89.8)	72.0 (64.7–78.2)
Ecological regions
Red River Delta	97.4 (96.6–98.0)	91.5 (90.2–92.7)
Northern midland and mountain	96.1 (94.6–97.2)	86.2 (82.9–88.9)
North Central area and Central coastal	97.1 (95.0–98.3)	92.6 (90.0–94.5)
Central highlands	98.0 (94.5–99.3)	93.0 (84.6–97.0)
South East	95.1 (93.8–96.2)	82.5 (80.0–84.8)
Mekong River Delta	88.6 (82.1–92.9)	78.9 (72.5–84.1)
Age groups
15–24	93.9 (90.6–96.0)	89.7 (86.1–92.4)
25–34	93.7 (89.0–96.5)	85.0 (79.6–89.1)
35–44	94.0 (89.3–96.7)	84.6 (81.0–87.6)
45–54	95.6 (94.1–96.7)	87.0 (84.8–88.9)
55–64	93.5 (90.1–95.8)	79.1 (75.1–82.6)
>64	87.1 (83.7–89.9)	70.0 (66.1–73.6)
Incomes
Quintile 1	85.3 (78.8–90.1)	69.6 (64.1–74.6)
Quintile 2	96.0 (94.5–97.1)	86.7 (84.1–89.0)
Quintile 3	96.9 (95.6–97.8)	88.9 (86.5–90.8)
Quintile 4	97.9 (97.0–98.6)	92.1 (90.6–93.4)
Quintile 5	97.7 (96.8–98.3)	94.8 (93.5–95.8)
Education
Primary or less	84.5 (79.0–88.7)	64.6 (60.3–68.7)
Lower secondary	96.8 (95.4–97.8)	88.7 (86.6–90.5)
Upper secondary	98.2 (96.9–99.0)	95.0 (93.1–96.3)
College and/or above	99.1 (98.4–99.5)	97.1 (95.8–97.9)

*95% confidence interval.

N=9,919 individuals from 656 PSUs of 6 strata.

Table 3. Knowledge of health consequences of tobacco smoking by smoking status

Knowledge of health consequences of tobacco smoking	Current smokers	Current non-smokers	Total
Smoking causes	Percentage (95% CI*)	Percentage (95% CI*)	Percentage (95% CI*)
Serious illness	88.3 (82.8–92.2)	95.1 (93.6–96.3)	93.4 (91.0–95.2)
Stroke	59.4 (54.0–64.6)	70.3 (67.8–72.7)	67.6 (64.9–70.3)
Heart attack	54.2 (49.9–58.5)	63.1 (60.8–65.4)	60.9 (58.5–63.4)
Lung cancer	93.0 (89.9–95.2)	96.7 (95.8–97.3)	95.8 (94.6–96.7)
Stroke, heart attack, and lung cancer	43.1 (38.0–48.4)	54.3 (52.0–56.6)	51.5 (48.8–54.2)
Breathing other people's smoke cause serious illness in non-smokers	77.3 (71.3–82.4)	86.0 (84.2–87.7)	83.8 (81.3–86.1)

*95% confidence interval.

N=9,919 individuals from 656 PSUs of 6 strata.

Table 4. Knowledge of health consequences of tobacco smoking by different channels of accessing to information

	Access to positive information**		Access to negative information***
Knowledge of health consequences of tobacco smoking	Percentage (95% CI*)		Percentage (95% CI*)
Smoking causes	No	Yes	No	Yes
Serious illness	76.3 (67.5–83.3)	96.2 (94.9–97.2)	93.2 (90.9–94.9)	94.7 (90.1–97.2)
Stroke	41.1 (34.5–48.0)	71.8 (69.7–73.7)	66.5 (63.5–69.3)	75.1 (70.0–79.7)
Heart attack	37.9 (32.0–44.3)	64.5 (62.5–66.4)	59.6 (56.9–62.2)	69.6 (64.7–74.0)
Lung cancer	83.4 (77.7–87.9)	97.7 (97.1–98.1)	95.4 (94.1–96.5)	97.8 (96.6–98.6)
Stroke, heart attack, and lung cancer	27.0 (21.9–32.7)	55.5 (53.4–57.6)	50.1 (47.3–52.9)	60.0 (55.1–64.7)
Breathing other people's smoke cause serious illness in non-smokers	59.0 (52.0–65.6)	87.9 (86.0–89.6)	83.4 (80.9–85.6)	86.6 (82.2–90.0)

*95% confidence interval.

**Access to positive information channel in the last 30 days (information about health consequences of smoking or encouragement to quit; health warnings on cigarette packages).

***Access to negative information channel in the last 30 days (cigarette advertisement through media, cigarette advertisement events, cigarette promotion).

N=9,919 individuals from 656 PSUs of 6 strata.

Table 5. Logistic regression analysis for factors associated with knowledge of health consequences of smoking (model b)

		Dependent variables
		Knowledge on health risks of active smoking		Knowledge of health risks of secondhand smoking
Independent variables	Sub-categories	OR**	95% CI*	OR**	95% CI*
Gender	Male	1
	Female	0.9	0.8–1.1	1	0.7–1.4
Age group	25–34	1
	35–44	0.9	0.7–1.2	2	1.5–2.7
	45–54	1	0.9–1.3	1.9	1.5–2.4
	55–64	1.2	1–1.5	2.2	1.6–2.9
	65 and above	1.3	1–1.6	1.3	1–1.7
Education	Primary	1
	Lower secondary	1.6	1.3–1.9	2.4	1.9–3
	Upper secondary	1.7	1.3–2.2	3.9	2.6–5.8
	College or above	1.9	1.4–2.5	5.7	3.7–8.6
Income	Quintile 5	1
	Quintile 1	0.9	0.7–1.1	0.5	0.3–0.6
	Quintile 2	0.9	0.7–1.1	0.8	0.6–1.1
	Quintile 3	0.8	0.7–1	0.7	0.5–1
	Quintile 4	0.9	0.8–1.1	0.9	0.6–1.2
Ethnic	Kinh	1
	Non-Kinh ethnic	0.7	0.5–0.8	0.4	0.3–0.6
Access to positive information	No	1
	Yes	2.3	2–2.6	1.9	1.6–2.3
Access to negative information	No	1
	Yes	0.7	0.4–1.1	0.7	0.2–1.9
Area	Urban	1
	Rural	1.1	1–1.3	1.1	0.9–1.3
Region	Red River Delta	1
	Northern midland and mountain	1.2	0.9–1.5	1.9	1.2–3
	North Central area and Central coastal	1.2	1–1.4	1.1	0.8–1.5
	Central highlands	1.2	0.8–1.7	1.2	0.7–2.1
	South East	1.1	0.9–1.4	0.8	0.6–1.1
	Mekong River Delta	0.9	0.7–1.1	0.5	0.4–0.7
Smoking status	Current smokers	1
	Current non-smoker	1.6	1.3–1.9	1.7	1.1–2.5

*95% confidence interval, **odds ratio.

N=8,265 individuals from 656 PSUs of 6 strata.

Table 6. Logistic regression: factors associated with knowledge of health consequences of smoking (model a)

		Dependent variables
		Knowledge on health risks of active smoking		Knowledge of health risks of secondhand smoking
Independent variables	Sub-categories	OR**	95% CI*	OR**	95% CI*
Gender	Male	1
	Female	0.8	0.7–1	0.8	0.5–1.1
Age group	25–34	1
	35–44	0.8	0.6–1	3	2.2–4.1
	45–54	0.8	0.7–1.1	2.6	2–3.4
	55–64	1	0.8–1.2	3.1	2.3–4.1
	65 and above	0.7	0.5–0.9	1.7	1.2–2.2
Education	Primary	1
	Lower secondary	1.6	1.3–1.9	2.4	1.9–3
	Upper secondary	1.7	1.3–2.2	3.9	2.6–5.8
	College or above	1.9	1.4–2.5	5.7	3.7–8.6
Income	Quintile 5	1
	Quintile 1	0.7	0.6–0.9	0.3	0.2–0.4
	Quintile 2	0.8	0.6–1	0.5	0.4–0.7
	Quintile 3	0.8	0.6–0.9	0.5	0.4–0.7
	Quintile 4	0.9	0.7–1	0.7	0.5–1
Ethnic	Kinh	1
	Non-Kinh ethnic	0.6	0.5–0.7	0.3	0.3–0.5
Access to positive information	No	1
	Yes	2.4	2.1–2.8	2.2	1.8–2.6
Access to negative information	No	1
	Yes	0.6	0.4–1.1	0.6	0.2–1.8
Area	Urban	1
	Rural	1.1	0.9–1.2	1	0.8–1.2
Region	Red River Delta	1
	Northern midland and mountain	1.2	0.9–1.5	1.8	1.1–2.9
	North Central area and Central coastal	1.2	1–1.4	1.1	0.8–1.5
	Central highlands	1.1	0.7–1.6	1	0.6–1.8
	South East	1	0.8–1.3	0.6	0.5–0.9
	Mekong River Delta	0.8	0.6–1	0.4	0.3–0.6
Regulation of ‘no smoking at home’	No	1
	Yes	1	0.8–1.3	0.8	0.6–1.2
Smoking status	Current smokers	1
	Current non-smokers	1.6	1.3–2	1.8	1.2–2.7

*95% confidence interval, **odds ratio.

N=9,919 individuals from 656 PSUs of 6 strata.