Social capital and mental health among mothers in Vietnam who have children with disabilities

Figures & data

Table 1. Mean scores and standard deviations for frequency and perceptions of community participation, social cohesion, and general psychological distress

					95% CI
Items	Min	Max	Mean	SD	Lower	Upper
Community participation (frequency)
Contact with household members	2.5	7.0	5.94	1.01	5.79	6.1
Contact with extended family	1.0	7.0	3.93	0.98	3.93	3.78
Contact with friends	1.0	7.0	3.54	1.05	3.38	3.67
Contact with neighbour	1.0	6.0	3.38	1.15	3.21	3.55
Social contact with workmates	1.0	7.0	3.41	1.32	3.21	3.61
Adult learning	1.0	5.0	1.60	1.06	1.44	1.76
Religious observance	1.0	6.5	2.50	1.54	2.27	2.73
Organised community activities	1.0	7.0	2.98	1.39	2.77	3.19
Volunteer sector activity	1.0	7.0	1.61	1.23	1.42	1.8
Giving money to charity	1.0	7.0	3.81	1.38	3.60	4.02
Active interest in current affairs	1.0	7.0	2.60	1.57	2.37	2.83
Expressing opinions publicly	1.0	6.0	1.89	1.26	1.7	2.08
Community activism	1.0	7.0	2.38	1.76	2.12	2.65
Political protest	1.0	7.0	1.43	1.14	1.26	1.6
Breadth of participation	1.57	5.47	2.96	.67	2.86	3.06
Community participation indices (perceptions)
Too little time for participation	1.0	6.43	4.88	.92	4.74	5.02
Enjoy participation	1.0	7.0	4.84	1.1	4.68	5.01
Social cohesion
Social trust, total score	1.0	6.43	4.75	.676	4.65	4.85
Negotiate honestly	1.0	7.0	5.08	1.38	4.87	5.29
Don't take advantage	2.83	6.42	5.10	1.03	4.95	5.23
Keep commitments	1.0	7.0	4.45	1.12	4.28	4.62
World Values Survey trust	1.50	7.0	4.49	1.17	4.31	4.66
World Values Survey reciprocity	2.0	6.75	4.92	1.14	4.75	5.09
Optimism	1.5	7.0	4.93	.84	4.81	5.06
Sense of belonging	2.0	10.0	6.42	1.57	6.18	6.66
Tangible support	2.0	10.0	6.81	1.92	6.52	7.10
General psychological distress	14	47	25.07	6.02	24.16	25.98

Fig. 1.  Proportions of mothers reporting no/little, moderate, and severe distress by age group.

Table 2. Pearson Product Moment correlations among social capital variables and mothers’ general psychological distress (K10 scores)

	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	Distress
1. Breadth (less distress)	0.62***	−0.07	0.03	−0.04	−0.12	−0.05	0.08	0.09	0.08	−0.36***	0.00	−0.08	−.14
2. Breadth (more distress)		−0.06	−0.07	−0.03	−0.21**	0.06	0.09	−0.10	−0.01	−0.29***	0.05	−0.13	0.21**
3. Too little participation			0.41***	0.32***	0.40***	−0.01	0.21**	0.22***	0.42***	0.06	−0.18*	0.00	0.04
4. Enjoy participation				0.10	0.22**	−0.12	0.09	0.10	0.32***	−0.07	−0.16*	0.08	−0.17*
5. Social trust (full scale)					0.65***	0.47***	0.76***	0.17*	0.29***	−0.02	−0.11	0.18*	0.02
6. Negotiate honestly						−0.13	0.35***	0.26***	0.38***	0.11	−0.12	0.11	−0.02
7. Do not take advantage							0.04	−0.06	−0.06	−0.03	−0.12	0.20**	0.00
8. Keep commitments								0.12	0.22**	−0.12	0.01	0.04	0.06
9. WVS trust									0.21**	0.08	−0.17*	0.15	−0.24**
10. WVS reciprocity										−0.06	−0.15	0.19*	−0.02
11. Sense of belonging											−0.01	−0.06	0.00
12. Tangible support												−0.34***	0.07
13. Optimism												–	−0.21**

*p-value < 0.05, ** p-value < 0.01, *** p-value < 0.001.

Table 3. Multiple hierarchical linear regression analysis showing blocks of predictors of mothers’ general psychological distress (K10 scores)

	B	SE B	Beta	R^2 change	Adj. R^2
1. Socio-demographic characteristics
Mountainous area	−2.63	0.92	−0.22**	0.08***	0.08***
(Combined earner and carer)^##	1.92	0.92	0.16*
2. Child's disability				ns	ns
3. Extroversion
Mountainous area	−3.18	0.87	−0.27***	0.04**	0.09***
Being ‘reserved’	−0.69	0.27	−0.19**
4. Frequency of participation
Mountainous area	−3.72	0.83	−0.31***	0.21***	0.27***
Being ‘reserved’	−0.60	0.26	−0.16*
Immediate household	1.72	0.88	0.14*
Extended family	1.06	0.51	0.17*
Friends	−1.37	0.50	−0.24**
Neighbours	−1.28	0.41	−0.24**
Workmates	1.00	0.34	0.22**
Adult learning	−2.77	1.08	−0.20**
Activism	3.16	0.91	0.26**
Political protest	2.68	1.20	0.18*
5. Breadth of participation				ns	ns
6. Perceptions of participation				ns	ns
7. Social cohesion
Mountainous area	−3.45	0.83	−0.29***	0.02*	0.29***
Being ‘reserved’	−0.59	0.26	−0.16*
Immediate household	1.80	0.87	0.15*
Extended family	1.07	0.50	0.18*
Friends	−1.34	0.49	−0.23**
Neighbours	−1.14	0.41	−0.22**
Workmates	0.85	0.35	0.19*
Adult learning	−2.72	1.06	−0.20**
Activism	3.03	0.90	0.25***
Political protest	2.49	1.19	0.17*
World Values Survey trust	−1.78	0.83	−0.15*

^## Note: Predictor shows mediation effect later in the model (displayed in brackets).

*p-value<.05, **p-value<.01, ***p-value<.001; ‘ns’ means not significant.