Alcohol consumption and household expenditure on alcohol in a rural district in Vietnam

Figures & data

Table 1. Background information of study subjects

		Males (N =765)		Females (N =799)		Overall
Variables		n	%	n	%	N	%
Age group	18–24	168	22.0	175	21.9	343	21.9
	25–44	386	50.5	401	50.2	787	50.3
	45–60	211	27.6	223	27.9	434	27.7
Marital status	Other	196	25.6	199	24.9	395	25.3
	Married	569	74.4	600	75.1	1,169	74.7
Education level	Primary and lower	181	23.6	245	30.7	426	27.3
	Secondary	337	44.1	387	48.4	724	46.3
	High school and upper*	247	32.3	167	20.9	314	26.5
Occupation	Farmer	311	40.7	386	48.3	697	44.6
	Government staff and student	126	16.4	128	16	254	16.2
	Worker	195	25.5	117	14.6	312	19.9
	Others	132	17.2	166	20.7	298	19.1
Income quintile	Poorest*	132	17.3	182	22.8	314	20.1
	Second poorest	153	20.0	165	20.7	318	20.3
	Middle	167	21.8	158	19.8	325	20.8
	Second richest	148	19.4	151	18.9	299	19.1
	Richest	165	21.6	143	17.9	308	19.7

*The difference between two sexes is statistically significant by Chi-square test.

Table 2. Alcohol use and alcohol problem

		Males (N =765)		Females (N =799)		Overall
Variables		n	%	n	%	N	%
Alcohol consumption	Last 12 months*	634	82.9	142	17.8	776	49.6
	Last week*	501	65.5	42	5.3	543	34.7
Drinking frequency	None	131	17.1	657	82.2	788	50.4
	Monthly or less	159	20.8	128	16.0	287	18.4
	2–4 times a month	171	22.4	9	1.1	180	11.5
	2–3 times a week	133	17.4	0	0.0	133	8.5
	4 or more times a week	171	22.4	5	0.6	176	11.3
Average drinking level per sitting	1–2 drinks	571	74.6	796	99.6	1,367	87.4
	3–4 drinks	144	18.8	3	0.4	147	9.4
	5–6 drinks	39	5.1	0	0.0	39	2.5
	≥7 drinks	11	1.5	0	0.0	11	0.7
Excessive drinking	Among drinkers^#	187	37.3	3	7.1	190	35.0
	Among study sample	187	24.4	3	0.4	190	12.2
Binge drinking	Never	658	86.0	797	99.7	1,455	93.0
	Less than monthly, %*	76	9.9	2	0.3	78	5.0
	Monthly	27	3.5	0	0.0	27	1.7
	Weekly or daily	4	0.6	0	0.0	4	0.2
Alcohol problem	AUDIT score ≥8*	184	24.1	0	0.0	184	11.8

*The difference between two sexes is statistically significant by Chi-square test.

^#The prevalence is only calculated for alcohol users during 12 months prior to the interviews (Male alcohol users: 501; female alcohol users: 44).

Table 3. Number of standard drinks consumed by alcohol users during 1-week period

	Alcohol users
Indicators	Male	Female	Overall
Quartile at 25%	3.0	0.8	3.0
Quartile at 50% (median)	8.9	1.4	7.9
Quartile at 75%	21.3	2.0	20.7

Table 4. Alcohol expenditure (in USD), share of alcohol expenditure in household food expenditure (%), in household expenditure (%), in household income among alcohol users during 1 month period

Variables	Income quintile	Median	IQR25	IQR75
Alcohol expenditure per month (USD)	Poorest	2.8	0.9	4.7
	Second poorest	3.5	1.9	5.9
	Third richest	2.4	1.2	4.7
	Second richest	3.5	2.1	7.1
	Richest	4.7	1.9	7.5
	Overall	3.5	1.6	7.1
Share of household monthly food expenditure on alcohol expenditure (%)	Poorest	5.7	1.8	13.3
	Second poorest	5.7	2.7	8.6
	Middle	3.6	1.9	8.0
	Second richest	4.8	2.7	10.0
	Richest	4.4	2.0	12.0
	Overall	4.6	2.2	10.0
Share of monthly household expenditure on alcohol expenditure (%)	Poorest	2.8	1.2	8.3
	Second poorest	3.7	1.9	5.7
	Third richest	2.1	1.1	4.8
	Second richest	2.9	1.6	6.1
	Richest	2.6	1.3	6.0
	Overall	2.7	1.3	6.0
Share of monthly household income on alcohol expenditure (%)	Poorest	4.7	2.1	11.5
	Second poorest	3.1	1.8	5.2
	Third richest	1.7	0.8	3.5
	Second richest	1.6	0.9	3.0
	Richest	1.1	0.5	2.2
	Overall	1.8	0.9	4.0

SD, Standard deviation; IRQ, Interquartile.

Table 5. Intercepts and slopes for each variable, resulting from linear regression models for logarithm of monthly expenditure on alcohol consumption (USD), share of monthly household food expenditure, and household expenditure and household income on alcohol expenditure (%)

				Share on alcohol expenditure by (n =422)^‡
Variable		Alcohol consumption (n =528)^#	Alcohol expenditures (n =422)^‡	Household monthly food expenditure	Monthly household expenditure	Monthly household income
Number of household members		−0.03	−0.02	−0.12*	−0.11*	−0.03
Gender	Male
	Female	−1.15*	−0.13	−0.19	−0.12	−0.18
Age group	18–24
	25–44	−0.20	−0.25	−0.36	−0.35	−0.26
	45–60	0.05	−0.32	−0.56*	−0.58*	−0.41
Marital status	Other
	Married	−0.65*	−0.24	−0.28	−0.21	−0.18
Education level	Primary and lower
	Secondary	0.11	−0.17	−0.26	−0.25	−0.17
	High school and upper	0.01	−0.32*	−0.55*	−0.49*	−0.36*
Occupation	Farmer
	Government staff and student	−0.19	0.14	0.19	0.08	0.16
	Worker	0.17	0.22	0.17	0.24	0.23
	Others	−0.04	0.08	0.04	0.08	0.08
Income quintile	Poorest
	Second poorest	0.07	0.20	0.02	0.05	−0.47*
	Middle	−0.16	0.01	−0.24	−0.30	−1.03*
	Second richest	0.23	0.23	−0.05	−0.04	−1.09*
	Richest	0.36	0.40*	−0.04	−0.12	−1.54*
Alcohol problem	No
	Yes	0.99*	0.71*	0.69*	0.68*	0.71*
Intercept		1.893	10.89	2.46	1.91	1.82
R^2		0.218	0.15	0.13	0.14	0.28

^#Only estimated among those who consumed alcohol during 1-week period.

^‡Only estimated among those drinkers who had to pay for alcohol during 1-week period.

*Statistical significant (p <0.05).