Self-reported vision health status among older people in the Kassena-Nankana District, Ghana

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic characteristics for 4294 adults aged 50 and above in the Kassena-Nankana region of Ghana

	Male N=1,634	Female N=2,660
Demographic variable	Number (%)	Number (%)	p-Value
Age group
50–59	644 (39.4)*	1,183(44.5)
60–69	549 (33.6)	1,003 (37.7)
70–79	331 (20.3)	392 (14.7)
80 and above	110 (6.7)	82 (3.1)
Highest education level
≤ 6 years	1,451 (88.8)*	2,529 (95.1)
> 6 years	183 (11.2)	131 (4.9)
Marital status
In current relationship	1,333 (81.6)*	967 (36.4)
Now single	301 (18.4)	1,693 (63.6)
Living arrangement			0.01
Living with another	1,575 (96.4)*	2,520 (94.7)
Living alone	59 (3.6)	140 (5.3)
Quintiles of socio-economic-status
Poorest	513 (31.4)*	697 (26.2)
Poorer	434 (26.6)	630 (23.7)
Poor	353 (21.6)	605 (22.7)
Less poor	261 (16.0)	547 (20.6)
Least poor	73 (4.5)	181 (6.8)
Categories of proportion of 50 and above			0.01
> = 75%	121 (7.4)*	224 (8.4)
50–74%	243 (14.9)	488 (18.3)
25–49%	606 (37.1)	966 (36.3)
< 25%	664 (40.6)	982 (36.9)

*Significance in Chi square test p<0.05.

Table 2 Prevalence of self-reported far-sightedness, near-sightedness and both problems

	Male N=1,634	Female N=2,660
Type of problem	Number (%)	Number (%)
Far-sightedness
No problem	743 (45.5)*	967 (36.3)
Have problem	891 (54.5)	1,693 (63.7)
Mild	419 (25.6)	786 (29.6)
Moderate	281 (17.2)	589 (22.1)
Severe	132 (8.1)	239 (9.0)
Extreme	59 (3.6)	79 (3.0)
Near-sightedness
No problem	1,062 (65.0)*	1,580 (59.4)
Have problem	572 (35.0)	1,080 (40.6)
Mild	323 (19.8)	624 (23.5)
Moderate	146 (8.9)	288 (10.8)
Severe	57 (3.5)	111 (4.2)
Extreme	46 (2.8)	57 (2.1)
Both far- and near-sightedness
No problem	1,086 (66.5)*	1,633 (61.4)
Have problem	548 (33.5)	1,027 (38.6)

*Significance in Chi square test p<0.05 when we compare men and women with and without vision problems.

Table 3 Factors associated with self-reported far-sightedness and near-sightedness

	Male		Female
	Far-sightedness	Near-sightedness	Far-sightedness	Near-sightedness
Demographic variable	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	(95% CI)
Age group
50–59	1	1	1	1
60–69	2.03 (1.58–2.58)	1.54 (1.19–2.00)	2.28 (1.90–2.75)	1.50 (1.24–1.80)
70–79	4.62 (3.40–6.27)	2.70 (2.01–3.63)	5.08 (3.74–6.90)	2.76 (2.16–3.54)
80 +	8.69 (5.02–15.03)	5.10 (3.29–7.91)	10.00 (4.53–22.06)	4.56 (2.76–7.52)
Highest education level
≤ 6 years	1	1	1	1
> 6 years	1.02 (0.73–1.42)	1.27 (0.89–1.80)	1.10 (0.75–1.60)	1.42 (0.97–2.06)
Marital status
In current relationship	1	1	1	1
Now single	1.28 (0.96–1.70)	1.80 (1.36–2.38)	1.34 (1.12–1.60)	1.41 (1.18–1.69)
Living arrangement
Living with another	1	1	1	1
Living alone	1.33 (0.62–2.88)	56 (0.25–1.19)	1.08 (0.58–2.00)	0.90 (0.51–1.59)
Quintiles of socio-economic status
Poorest	1	1	1	1
Poorer	1.03 (0.79–1.36)	1.02 (0.77–1.35)	86 (0.68–1.09)	0.96 (0.77–1.21)
Poor	98 (0.74–1.31)	1.03 (0.76–1.38)	99 (0.77–1.25)	0.87 (0.69–1.10)
Less poor	99 (0.72–1.37)	1.06 (0.77–1.46)	1.01 (0.79–1.30)	1.01 (0.80–1.28)
Least poor	79 (0.47–1.34)	1.51 (0.90–2.53)	46 (0.32–.65)	0.76 (0.54–1.08
Categories of proportion of 50 and above
≥ 75%	1	1	1	1
50–74%	1.05 (0.58–1.89)	65 (0.36–1.18)	88 (0.52–1.46)	0.78 (0.48–1.26)
25–49%	1.29 (0.74–2.24)	97 (0.56–1.68)	74 (0.46–1.22)	0.72 (0.46–1.15)
< 25%	1.09 (0.63–1.89)	87 (0.50–1.52)	80 (0.49–1.33)	0.77 (0.49–1.23)

Table 4 Prevalence of assistive device usage for people with far-sightedness and near-sightedness

		Male		Female
Reason of use	Total	Number (%)	Total	Number (%)	p-Value
Far-sightedness	891	35 (3.9)*	1,693	32 (1.9)	0.002
Near-sightedness	572	31 (5.4)*	1,080	27 (2.5)	0.002
Total		66 (4.5)		59 (2.1)

*Significance in Chi square test p<0.05.

Table 5 Prevalence of visual assistive device use for far-sightedness and near-sightedness according to demographic variables

	Far-sightedness		Near-sightedness
	Male (%)	Female (%)	Male (%)	Female (%)
Age group
50–59	7 (2.9)*	6 (1.0)	8 (4.9)*	5 (1.4)
60–69	11 (3.6)	10 (1.4)	7 (3.8)	5 (1.2)
70–79	6 (2.4)	10 (3.1)	7 (4.5)	10 (4.4)
80 and above	8 (8.6)	4 (5.3)	3 (4.4)	4 (6.9)
Highest education level
≤ 6 years	27 (3.3)	28 (1.7)	18 (3.5)*	21 (2.1)
> 6 years	5 (6.4)	2 (2.8)	7 (11.9)	3 (5.6)
Marital status
In current relationship	24 (3.4)	6 (1.2)	19 (4.4)	4 (1.3)
Now single	8 (4.3)	24 (2.1)	6 (4.3)	20 (2.6)
Living arrangement
Living with another	30 (3.5)	27 (1.7)	24 (4.3)	23 (2.3)
Living alone	2 (5.6)	3 (2.9)	1 (5.3)	1 (1.5)
Quintiles of socio-economic status
Poorest	8 (2.8)*	7 (1.6)	6 (3.4)*	6 (2.1)
Poorer	3 (1.2)	5 (1.3)	1 (0.7)	2 (0.8)
Poor	8 (4.3)	7 (1.8)	8 (6.7)	6 (2.5)
Less Poor	7 (4.9)	4 (1.1)	4(4.3)	2 (0.9)
Least Poor	6 (16.7)	7 (7.5)	6 (18.8)	8 (11.3)
Categories of proportion of 50 and above
≥ 75%	4 (5.8)	3 (1.9)	4 (9.1)	1 (1.0)
50–74%	3 (2.3)	7 (2.3)	2 (2.6)	6 (3.1)
25–49%	12 (3.4)	15 (2.6)	7 (3.0)	13 (3.5)
< 25%	13 (3.9)	5 (0.8)	12 (5.5)	4 (1.0)

*Significance in Chi square test p<0.05.