Diet and nutritional status among children 24–59 months by seasons in a mountainous area of Northern Vietnam in 2012

Figures & data

Fig. 1 Average temperature of Tuyen Quang province in 2012 (15).

Table 1 Mean weight, height and z-score of the children following the seasons

	Mean	SD	p
Weight
Spring	12.7	2,1	p>0.05
Summer	12.6	2,0
Autumn	12.7	2,2
Winter	12.4	1,9
Height
Spring	93.1	8.1	p>0.05
Summer	93.0	7.8
Autumn	92.6	8.0
Winter	92.4	8.3
WAZ (weight for age z-score)
Spring	−1.4	0.9	p>0.05
Summer	−1.4	0.9
Autumn	−1.4	1.0
Winter	−1.4	0.9
HAZ (height for age z-score)
Spring	−1.5	1.2	p>0.05
Summer	−1.5	1.2
Autumn	−1.5	1.2
Winter	−1.5	1.2
WHZ (weight for height z-score)
Spring	−0.8	1.1	p>0.05
Summer	−0.8	1.1
Autumn	−0.8	1.2
Winter	−0.9	1.1

Fig. 2 Prevalence of Underweight, Stunting and Wasting by season.

Table 2 Energy, protein, glucid and lipid intake of children aged 24–59 months by season

Age group (n=90)	Recommendation	Spring (n=90)	Summer (n=90)	Autumn (n=90)	Winter (n=90)	(Kruskal-Wallis test)
Energy (kcal/day)
24–35 months	1,180	1041.3	991.7	1194.2	1008.7	>0.05
36–47 months	1,180	1049.6	957.9	1247.3	1166.1	<0.05
48–59 months	1,470	1103.7	1053.9	1327.7	1053.6	<0.05
All		1067.8	996.9	1259.3	1075.4	<0.01
Protein (g/day)
24–35 months	35–44	39.3	40.7	48.2	40.2	>0.05
36–47 months	35–44	43.9	40.2	51.5	42.8	>0.05
48–59 months	44–55	40.7	44.7	54.4	38.3	<0.01
All		41.1	41.4	51.5	40.4	<0.01
Lipid (%=lipid energy demand/total energy)
24–35 months	44–51	18.4	23.5	28.1	24.3	<0.05
36–47 months	44–51	23.6	19.0	29.5	24.4	>0.05
48–59 months	32–40	20.1	22.5	30.6	20.1	<0.05
All		20.5	22.2	29.5	22.8	<0.01
Glucid (g/day)
24–35 months	175–202	178.3	153.4	187.3	157.8	<0.05
36–47 months	175–202	164.2	157.0	192.9	194.4	<0.05
48–59 months	219–251	189.4	166.6	206.9	180.5	<0.05
All		178.8	157.0	196.1	177.7	<0.01

Fig. 3 Proportion of substances supplying total energy in diets of children aged 24–59 months by season.

Table 3 Actual amount of vitamin and mineral intake by season and children age group

Age group (n=90)	Recommendation	Spring (n=90)	Summer (n=90)	Autumn (n=90)	Winter (n=90)	p (Kruskal-Wallis test)
Vitamin A (mcg/day)
24–35 months	400	558.7	716.2	843.8	459.7	<0.05
36–47 months	400	519.1	687.4	780.3	486.5	>0.05
48–59 months	450	544.6	802.5	795.9	463.0	<0.01
All		542.7	769.9	805.6	469.5	<0.01
Calci (mg/day)
24–35 months	500	346.2	537.0	433.4	394.8	>0.05
36–47 months	500	316.9	376.2	491.8	308.3	>0.05
48–59 months	600	300.2	381.0	403.7	269.8	<0.01
All		320.5	466.6	444.3	322.5	<0.01
Iron (mg/day)
24–35 months	7.7	6.1	6.6	10.8	4.9	<0.01
36–47 months	7.7	5.5	6.4	6.9	6.9	<0.05
48–59 months	8.4	6.5	8.3	10.7	6.2	<0.05
All		6.1	6.9	8.4	6.0	<0.01
Ca/P
Proportion Ca/P	1.0:1.5	1.0:1.7	1.0:1.2	1.0:1.5	1.0:1.7

Table 4 Nutritional status (underweight) and dietary intake of children by season

	Spring (n=90)		Summer (n=90)		Autumn (n=90)		Winter (n=90)
	Malnutrition	Non-malnutrition	Malnutrition	Non-malnutrition	Malnutrition	Non-malnutrition	Malnutrition	Non-malnutrition
Energy intake	981.4	1092.5	964	1008.2	1162.4	1290.7	1199.9	1050.5
p (ranksum-test)	>0.05		>0.05		>0.05		>0.05
Protein	40.1	41.4	40.4	41.8	48.4	52.5	42.9	39.9
p (ranksum-test)	>0.05		>0.05		>0.05		>0.05
Glucid	150.4	187.0	156.4	157.2	179.8	201.4	188.7	175.5
p (ranksum-test)	<0.05		>0.05		>0.05		>0.05
Lipid	23.0	19.8	18.4	23.6	26.9	30.3	30.7	21.2
p (ranksum-test)	>0.05		<0.05		>0.05		<0.05

Tuyen Quang. Hydro meteorological Department of Tuyen Quang report, Vietnam.

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