Maternal health care utilization in Nairobi and Ouagadougou: evidence from HDSS

Figures & data

Table 1 Frequency of ANC attendance by background characteristics

Nairobi urban HDSS				Ouagadougou HDSS
	0 time	1–3 times	4 times &+		0 time	1–3 times	4 times &+
Household SES**				Household SES
Poor	3.2	51.9	44.9	Poor	3.5	79.2	17.3
Not poor	1.3	50.3	48.4	Not poor	4.4	69.9	25.7
Mother's education**				Mother's education
inc. primary / no educ.	3.9	55.7	40.3	Not educated	4.5	77.3	18.2
Completed primary	1.7	50.7	47.6	Primary	3.6	69.2	27.2
Secondary+	0.8	46.3	52.9	Secondary+	3.1	67.3	29.6
Place of residence				Place of residence
Korogocho	2.2	53.8	44.0	Nioko2	5.3	75.3	19.4
Viwandani	1.9	47.9	50.2	Nonghin	3.5	72.2	24.3
				Polesgo	3.2	79.0	17.8
Ethnicity				Ethnicity
Kikuyu	1.6	44.9	53.5	Mossi	3.9	73.9	22.2
Luhya	1.5	56.6	42.0	Other	5.2	75.2	19.6
Luo	2.9	58.9	38.3
Kamba	2.2	45.9	51.9
Other	2.4	52.7	44.9
Year of interview**				Year of interview
2009	2.5	58.0	39.6
2010	4.2	55.4	40.3	2010	4.4	75.6	20.0
2011	1.4	45.4	53.3	2011	3.8	72.6	23.6
Mother's age**				Mother's age
12–19	1.6	50.6	47.9	12–19	4.4	71.3	24.3
20–24	1.4	48.3	50.4	20–24	4.4	73.7	21.9
25–29	2.4	53.0	44.6	25–29	3.4	74.6	22.0
30–34	2.3	55.2	42.5	30–34	3.1	74.6	22.3
35+	5.5	52.0	42.5	35+	6.2	74.8	19.0
Parity**			0.0	Parity
One birth	0.7	42.0	57.3	One birth	4.9	72.1	23.0
Two births	1.3	52.9	45.8	Two births	3.7	70.8	25.5
Three births	2	52.2	45.8	Three births	3.5	74.1	22.4
4+ births	5.4	60.8	33.9	4+ births	4.1	78.9	17.0
Marital status**				Marital status
Not in union	1.6	51.3	47.1	Not in union	8.2	78.1	13.7
In union	3.8	50.4	45.8	In union	4.1	75.0	20.9
No data	4.2	49.1	46.8	No data	2.6	62.4	35.0
Total	2.1	51.0	46.9	Total	4	74.0	22.0
N=3346				N=2501

Chi-square significance: *5%; **1%.

Table 2 Place of delivery by background characteristics

Nairobi urban HDSS				Ouagadougou HDSS
	Home	Health facility	Other		Home	Health facility	Other
Household SES**				Household SES
Poor	21.6	77.8	0.6	Poor	3.5	94.4	2.1
Not poor	16.9	82.0	1.1	Not poor	2.4	95.5	2.1
Mother's education**				Mother's education
inc. primary / no educ.	18.2	80.8	1.0	Not educated	3.7	94.1	2.2
Completed primary	20.6	78.4	1.0	Primary	2.2	95.7	2.1
Secondary+	16.4	83.1	0.5	Secondary+	0.7	97.4	1.9
Place of residence				Place of residence
Korogocho	14.6	84.6	0.8	Nioko2	2.8	95.4	1.8
Viwandani	23.9	75.3	0.9	Nonghin	3.4	93.9	2.7
				Polesgo	1.1	98.3	0.6
Ethnicity				Ethnicity
Kikuyu	7.0	92.3	0.7	Mossi	2.8	95.0	2.2
Luhya	25.4	74.0	0.7	Other	4.0	94.4	1.6
Luo	26.9	71.9	1.2
Kamba	24.0	74.9	1.1
Other	15.4	83.9	0.7
Year of interview**				Year of interview
2009	27.5	71.2	1.3	2009	2.4	94.5	3.1
2010	19.1	80.1	0.8	2010	3.4	94.9	1.7
2011	13.0	86.5	0.6	2011	3.0	95.4	1.6
Mother's age**				Mother's age
12–19	17.1	82.5	0.4	12–19	1.8	95.6	2.6
20–24	20.3	79.1	0.6	20–24	2.6	94.7	2.7
25–29	20.6	78.4	1.1	25–29	3.3	94.7	2.0
30–34	13.2	85.2	1.6	30–34	3.8	95.3	0.9
35+	20.6	78.0	1.4	35+	3.3	95.2	1.5
Parity**				Parity
One birth	14.8	85.0	0.2	One birth	1.4	96.1	2.5
Two births	18.9	80.2	0.9	Two births	2.4	95.0	2.6
Three births	20.3	79.0	0.8	Three births	4.5	93.5	2.0
4+ births	24.0	74.1	1.9	4+ births	3.9	94.8	1.3
Marital status**				Marital status
Not in union	18.8	80.4	0.8	Not in union	2.4	94.4	3.2
In union	17.3	81.7	1.0	In union	3.1	94.7	2.2
No data	26.1	72.1	1.8	No data	0.8	98.4	0.8
Total	18.9	80.2	0.9	Total	2.9	95.0	2.1
N=3346				N=4239

Chi-square significance: *5%; **1%.

Table 3 Determinants of ANC use (at least one visit: yes/no)

Nairobi urban HDSS				Ouagadougou HDSS
	OR	P	95% CI		OR	P	95% CI
Household SES (ref: poor)				Household SES (ref: poor)
Not poor	2.348	0.001	1.392–3.958	Not poor	0.681	0.077	0.445–1.042
Mother's education (ref: complete primary)				Mother's education (ref: not educated)
Incomplete primary/no education	0.363	0.022	0.152–0.867	Primary	1.372	0.224	0.824–2.284
Secondary+	0.634	0.302	0.267–1.507	Secondary+	1.705	0.118	0.873–3.33
Ethnicity (ref: Kikuyu)				Ethnicity (ref: Mossi)
Luhya	1.321	0.534	0.550–3.169	Other	0.748	0.423	0.367–1.522
Luo	0.713	0.379	0.336–1.514
Kamba	0.706	0.387	0.321–1.554
Other	0.913	0.824	0.411–2.029
Place of residence (ref: Korogocho)				Place of residence (ref: Polesgo)
Viwandani	0.563	0.046	0.321–0.989	Nioko2	0.564	0.131	0.269–1.186
				Nonghin	0.89	0.755	0.429–1.846
Year of interview (ref: 2011)				Year of interview (ref: 2011)
2009	0.624	0.094	0.359–1.084
2010	0.425	0.015	0.213–0.847	2010	0.982	0.930	0.65–1.483
Mother's age (ref. 20–24)				Mother's age (ref. 20–24)
12–19	0.832	0.691	0.335–2.066	12–19	1.218	0.595	0.589–2.52
25–29	1.356	0.419	0.648–2.841	25–29	1.184	0.550	0.681–2.058
30–34	2.084	0.122	0.822–5.287	30–34	1.329	0.447	0.639–2.765
35+	0.983	0.970	0.387–2.498	35+	0.659	0.296	0.302–1.44
Parity (ref: 1 birth)				Parity (ref: 1 birth)
Two births	0.390	0.058	0.147–1.032	Two births	1.562	0.125	0.884–2.761
Three births	0.217	0.005	0.075–0.627	Three births	1.576	0.169	0.825–3.013
4+ births	0.077	<0.001	0.025–0.234	4+ births	1.593	0.191	0.793–3.2
Marital status (ref: in union)				Marital status (ref: in union)
Not in union	0.389	0.002	0.214–0.710	Not in union	0.439	0.069	0.181–1.065
No data	0.492	0.107	0.208–1.165	No data	1.837	0.174	0.765–4.411

Table 4 Determinants of ANC use (at least four visits: yes/no)

Nairobi urban HDSS				Ouagadougou HDSS
	OR	P	95% CI		OR	P	95% CI
Household SES (ref: poor)				Household SES (ref: poor)
Not poor	1.013	0.867	0.873–1.175	Not poor	1.537	<0.001	1.253–1.886
Mother's education (ref: complete primary)				Mother's education (ref: not educated)
Incomplete primary/no education	0.834	0.103	0.670–1.038	Primary	1.536	<0.001	1.223–1.927
Secondary+	0.946	0.549	0.789–1.134	Secondary+	1.592	<0.001	1.209–2.096
Ethnicity (ref: Kikuyu)				Ethnicity (ref: Mossi)
Luhya	0.674	<0.001	0.540–0.840	Other	0.795	0.257	0.534–1.182
Luo	0.643	<0.001	0.511–0.809
Kamba	0.888	0.294	0.712–1.108
Other	0.795	0.049	0.632–0.999
Place of residence (ref: Korogocho)				Place of residence (ref: Polesgo)
Viwandani	1.018	0.836	0.860–1.205	Nioko2	1.055	0.768	0.737–1.511
				Nonghin	1.463	0.025	1.049–2.04
Year of interview (ref: 2011)				Year of interview (ref: 2011)
2009	0.588	<0.001	0.504–0.686
2010	0.690	0.003	0.542–0.879	2010	0.932	0.5	0.761–1.142
Mother's age (ref. 20–24)				Mother's age (ref. 20–24)
12–19	0.808	0.065	0.644–1.013	12–19	1.307	0.135	0.92–1.855
25–29	1.074	0.481	0.880–1.312	25–29	1.056	0.671	0.82–1.361
30–34	1.118	0.421	0.852–1.465	30–34	1.204	0.256	0.874–1.66
35+	1.296	0.154	0.907–1.852	35+	1.199	0.406	0.782–1.838
Parity (ref: 1 birth)				Parity (ref: 1 birth)
Two births	0.566	<0.001	0.465–0.690	Two births	1.253	0.103	0.955–1.644
Three births	0.564	<0.001	0.442–0.720	Three births	1.072	0.66	0.786–1.463
4+ births	0.360	<0.001	0.269–0.482	4+ births	0.806	0.223	0.57–1.14
Marital status (ref: in union)				Marital status (ref: in union)
Not in union	0.898	0.322	0.725–1.111	Not in union	0.616	0.168	0.31–1.226
No data	1.271	0.161	0.909–1.777	No data	1.926	<0.001	1.411–2.63

Table 5 Determinants of place of delivery

Nairobi urban HDSS				Ouagadougou HDSS
	OR	P	95% CI		OR	P	95% CI
Household SES (ref: poor)				Household SES (ref: poor)
Not poor	1.209	0.055	0.996–1.466	Not poor	1.217	0.317	0.829–1.788
Mother's education (ref: complete primary)				Mother's education (ref: not educated)
Incomplete primary/no education	0.954	0.755	0.712–1.279	Primary	1.396	0.172	0.865–2.251
Secondary+	0.762	0.027	0.599–0.969	Secondary+	2.982	0.012	1.272–6.99
Ethnicity (ref: Kikuyu)				Ethnicity (ref: Mossi)
Luhya	0.241	<0.001	0.173–0.336	Other	1.243	0.615	0.534–2.894
Luo	0.187	<0.001	0.133–0.263
Kamba	0.338	<0.001	0.243–0.471
Other	0.516	<0.001	0.358–0.744
Place of residence (ref: Korogocho)				Place of residence (ref: Polesgo)
Viwandani	0.364	<0.001	0.290–0.457	Nioko2	0.31	0.029	0.109–0.885
				Nonghin	0.274	0.013	0.099–0.758
Year of interview (ref: 2011)				Year of interview (ref: 2011)
2009	0.383	<0.001	0.314–0.467	2009	1.683	0.482	0.394–7.19
2010	0.741	0.067	0.537–1.021	2010	1.105	0.614	0.75–1.629
Mother's age (ref. 20–24)				Mother's age (ref. 20–24)
12–19	1.002	0.991	0.740–1.356	12–19	0.976	0.945	0.484–1.966
25–29	1.358	0.021	1.048–1.761	25–29	1.511	0.122	0.895–2.549
30–34	2.483	0.000	1.702–3.621	30–34	1.403	0.308	0.731–2.69
35+	1.426	0.126	0.906–2.244	35+	1.408	0.413	0.62–3.196
Parity (ref: 1 birth)				Parity (ref: 1 birth)
Two births	0.611	<0.001	0.468–0.797	Two births	1.006	0.984	0.552–1.834
Three births	0.529	<0.001	0.383–0.730	Three births	0.657	0.191	0.35–1.232
4+ births	0.313	<0.001	0.214–0.457	4+ births	0.673	0.269	0.334–1.358
Marital status (ref: in union)				Marital status (ref: in union)
Not in union	0.825	0.187	0.620–1.098	Not in union	1.168	0.798	0.356–3.835
No data	0.628	0.021	0.422–0.932	No data	3.694	0.03	1.135–12.016
ANC use (ref: NO)				ANC use (ref: NO)
Used ANC	14.222	<0.001	7.707–26.246	Used ANC	0.598	0.39	0.186–1.929