Intimate partner violence and poor mental health among Thai women residing in Sweden

Figures & data

Table 1 Background characteristics, health-related measures, social isolation, and social capital measures in Thai women (n=804)^a

		N (%)
Age	18–29	177 (17.2)
	30–61	627 (82.8)
	Total	804
Married/cohabiting	Yes	618 (85.4)
	No	106 (14.6)
	Total	724
Educational level	0–9 years	392 (52.1)
	≥10 years	361 (47.9)
	Total	753
Employment^b	Yes	316 (39.3)
	No	488 (60.7)
	Total	804
Disposable income^c	<9,000	670 (83.3)
	≥9,000	134 (16.7)
	Total	804
Immigration year	2006–2008	554 (68.9)
	2009–2011	250 (31.1)
	Total	804
Self-rated health	Poor	223 (27.9)
	Good	575 (72.1)
	Total	798
Mental health^d	Poor	152 (19.8)
	Good	617 (80.2)
	Total	769
Social isolation	Yes	297 (39.9)
	No	447 (60.1)
	Total	744
Low social participation^e	Yes	388 (48.3)
	No	416 (51.7)
	Total	804
Low social trust	Yes	262 (37.6)
	No	435 (62.4)
	Total	697

^aMean age=37.34; median age=37.00; std. deviation=8.64; quartiles=25: 31.00, 50: 37.00, 75: 43.00.

^bEmployed full-time or part-time.

^cDisposable monthly household income: ≥9000 SEK≈≥1.300 US$,<9,000 SEK≈<1.300 US$.

^dPoor mental health (GHQ 12): ≥2 items of 12.

^eLow social participation:≤2 activities of 13.

Table 2 Prevalence and perpetrator of intimate partner violence and intimate partner violence–related injuries in Thai women

		N (%)
IPV ever in lifetime	Yes	178 (22.1)
	No	626 (77.9)
Emotional IPV	Yes	128 (15.9)
	No	676 (84.1)
Physical/sexual IPV	Yes	119 (14.8)
	No	685 (85.2)
IPV by previous partner^a	Yes	165 (20.5)
	No	639 (79.5)
Emotional IPV	Yes	115 (14.3)
	No	689 (85.7)
Physical/sexual IPV	Yes	112 (13.9)
	No	692 (86.1)
IPV by current partner^b	Yes	54 (6.7)
	No	750 (93.3)
Emotional IPV	Yes	49 (6.1)
	No	755 (93.9)
Physical/sexual IPV	Yes	19 (2.4)
	No	785 (97.6)
IPV in Thailand^c	Yes	133 (16.5)
	No	671 (83.5)
IPV in Sweden^c	Yes	74 (9.2)
	No	730 (90.8)
IPV elsewhere^c	Yes	11 (1.4)
	No	793 (98.6)
Injuries due to physical/sexual IPV	Yes	35 (35.4)
	No	64 (64.6)
	Total	99
Sought health care	Yes	16 (38.1)
	No	26 (61.9)
	Total	42

^a124 of these were solely exposed by a previous partner.

^b13 of these were solely exposed by a current partner.

^cAny type of IPV, that is, emotional, physical, or sexual.

Table 3 Intimate partner violence by a current partner in relation to background characteristics, social isolation, and social capital measures in Thai women

		IPV current partner^a
		Yes	No	Crude OR
		N (%)	N (%)	OR (95% CI)
Age	18–29	5 (9.3)	133 (17.7)	0.47 (0.18–1.21)
	30–61	49 (90.7)	617 (82.3)	1
Married/cohabiting	Yes	38 (84.4)	580 (85.4)	1
	No	7 (15.6)	99 (14.6)	1.08 (0.47–2.49)
Educational level	0–9 years	30 (63.8)	362 (51.3)	1.68 (0.91–3.10)
	>9 years	17 (36.2)	344 (48.7)	1
Employment^b	Yes	22 (40.7)	294 (39.2)	1
	No	32 (59.3)	456 (60.8)	0.94 (0.53–1.65)
Disposable income^c	<9,000	45 (83.3)	625 (83.3)	1.00 (0.48–2.10)
	≥9,000	9 (16.7)	125 (16.7)	1
Immigration year	2006–2008	39 (72.2)	515 (68.7)	1
	2009–2011	15 (27.8)	235 (31.3)	0.84 (0.46–1.56)
Socially isolated	No	16 (32.7)	431 (62.0)	1
	Yes	33 (67.3)	264 (38.0)	3.37 (1.82–6.24) ^e
Low social participation^d	No	21 (38.9)	395 (52.7)	1
	Yes	33 (61.1)	355 (47.3)	1.75 (0.99–3.08)
Low social trust	No	22 (50.0)	413 (63.2)	1
	Yes	22 (50.0)	240 (36.8)	1.72 (0.93–3.17)

^aIPV exposure regarding current and previous partner includes 41 women with experiences of both.

^bEmployed full or part-time.

^cDisposable monthly household income: ≥9,000 SEK≈≥1.300 US$, <9,000 SEK≈<1.300 US$.

^dLow social participation:≤2 activities of 13.

^eBold values show statistical significance at p<0.05.

Table 4 Poor mental health in relation to background characteristics, intimate partner violence^a, self-rated health, social isolation, and social capital measures in Thai women

		Yes	No	Crude OR
Poor mental health^b		N (%)	N (%)	OR (95% CI)
Emotional IPV by previous partner	No	115 (75.7)	543 (88.0)	1
	Yes	37 (24.3)	74 (12.0)	2.36 (1.52–3.68) ^f
Physical/sexual IPV by previous partner	No	121 (79.6)	542 (87.8)	1
	Yes	31 (20.4)	75 (12.2)	1.85 (1.17–2.94) ^f
Emotional IPV by current partner	No	129 (84.9)	596 (96.6)	1
	Yes	23 (15.1)	21 (3.4)	5.06 (2.72–9.42) ^f
Physical/sexual IPV by current partner	No	142 (97.7)	609 (98.7)	1
	Yes	10 (6.6)	8 (1.3)	5.36 (2.08–13.83) ^f
Age	18–29 years	29 (19.1)	108 (17.5)	1.11 (0.71–1.75)
	30–61 years	123 (80.9)	509 (82.5)	1
Married/cohabiting	Yes	109 (79.0)	487 (87.0)	1
	No	29 (21.0)	73 (13.0)	1.78 (1.10–2.86) ^f
Educational level	0–9 years	64 (47.1)	298 (51.1)	0.85 (0.59–1.24)
	>9 years	72 (52.9)	285 (48.9)	1
Employment status^c	Yes	55 (36.2)	246 (39.9)	1
	No	97 (63.8)	371 (60.1)	1.17 (0.81–1.69)
Disposable income^d	<9,000	127 (83.6)	518 (84.0)	0.97 (0.60–1.57)
	≥9,000	25 (16.4)	99 (16.0)	1
Immigration year	2006–2008	106 (69.7)	418 (67.7)	1
	2009–2011	46 (30.3)	199 (32.3)	0.91 (0.62–1.34)
Self-rated health	Good	69 (46.0)	484 (78.6)	1
	Poor	81 (54.0)	132 (21.4)	4.30 (2.96–6.26) ^f
Socially isolated	No	49 (33.8)	382 (66.8)	1
	Yes	96 (66.2)	190 (33.2)	3.94 (2.68–5.79) ^f
Low social participation^e	No	69 (45.4)	335 (54.3)	1
	Yes	83 (54.6)	282 (45.7)	1.43 (0.99–2.04)
Low social trust	No	57 (42.2)	366 (67.5)	1
	Yes	78 (57.8)	176 (32.5)	2.85 (1.93–4.19) ^f

^aIPV exposure regarding previous and current partner includes 41 women with experiences of both.

^bPoor mental health (GHQ 12):≥2 items of 12.

^cEmployed full-time or part-time.

^dDisposable monthly household income:≥9,000 SEK≈≥1.300 US$,<9,000 SEK≈<1.300 US$.

^eLow social participation:≤2 activities of 13.

^fBold values show statistical significance at p<0.05.

Table 5 Poor mental health in relation to intimate partner violence among Thai women

	Crude OR	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
IPV current partner^a	4.86 (2.69–8.79) ^j	4.13 (2.14–7.97) ^j	3.23 (1.57–6.65) ^j	3.29 (1.39–7.79) ^j
IPV previous partner^b		1.30 (0.82–2.07)	1.30 (0.79–2.16)	0.88 (0.49–1.58)
Age^c			1.09 (0.65–1.82)	1.24 (0.68–2.25)
Marital status^d			1.81 (1.07–3.04) ^j	1.74 (0.94–3.20)
Low education^e			0.77 (0.51–1.14)	0.88 (0.55–1.42)
Disposable income^f			1.22 (0.70–2.15)	0.80 (0.43–1.51)
Social isolation^g				5.15 (3.18–8.33) ^j
Low social participation^h				1.35 (0.85–2.15)
Low social trust^i				2.43 (1.53–3.85) ^j

^aEmotional and/or physical and/or sexual IPV: yes, no (ref.).

^bEmotional and/or physical and/or sexual IPV: yes, no (ref.).

^cAge groups: 18–29, 30–61 (ref.).

^dMarried/cohabitation/partnered, unmarried/divorced/widow (ref.).

^eEducational level: low/medium≤9 years, high>9years (ref.).

^fDisposable monthly income:≤9,000 SEK,>9,000 SEK (ref.).

^gSocial isolation: yes, no (ref.).

^hLow social participation: yes, no (ref.).

ⁱLow social trust: yes, no (ref.).

^jBold values show statistical significance at p<0.05.

Table 6 Effect modification analysis between intimate partner violence (IPV) by a current partner^a and social isolation^b, social participation^c, and social trust^d, respectively, with regard to poor mental health^e in Thai women

	Poor mental health
	Yes	No	Crude OR
	N (%)	N (%)	OR (95% CI)
No IPV, not socially isolated	43 (29.7)	373 (65.2)	1
No IPV, socially isolated	77 (53.1)	179 (31.3)	3.73 (2.47–5.64) ^f
IPV, not socially isolated	6 (4.1)	9 (1.6)	5.78 (1.96–17.03) ^f
IPV, socially isolated	19 (13.1)	11 (1.9)	14.98 (6.69–33.58) ^f
No IPV, high social participation	56 (36.8)	328 (53.2)	1
No IPV, low social participation	71 (46.7)	265 (42.9)	1.89 (1.24–2.91) ^f
IPV, high social participation	13 (8.6)	7 (1.1)	6.94 (2.23–20.71) ^f
IPV, low social participation	12 (7.9)	17 (2.8)	3.44 (1.34–8.80) ^f
No IPV, high social trust	48 (35.6)	355 (65.5)	1
No IPV, low social trust	65 (48.1)	168 (31.0)	2.86 (1.89–4.34) ^f
IPV, high social trust	9 (6.7)	11 (2.0)	6.05 (2.39–15.35) ^f
IPV, low social trust	13 (9.6)	8 (1.5)	12.02 (4.74–30.49) ^f

^aEmotional and/or physical and/or sexual IPV: yes, no (ref.).

^bSocial isolation: yes, no (ref.).

^cSocial participation: yes, no (ref.).

^dLow social trust: yes, no (ref.).

^ePoor mental health (GHQ 12):≥2 items of 12.

^fBold values show statistical significance at p<0.05.