Comparing causes of death between formal and informal neighborhoods in urban Africa: evidence from Ouagadougou Health and Demographic Surveillance System

Figures & data

Table 1 Distribution (%) of person-years by age group, sex, and neighborhood, 2009–2011

	Formal neighborhood		Informal neighborhood		Total
Age group	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
0–28 days	0.2%	0.1%	0.2%	0.3%	0.2%	0.2%
29 days–11 months	2.1%	2.1%	3.7%	3.9%	2.9%	3.0%
1–4 years	10.0%	9.8%	15.7%	15.6%	12.7%	12.5%
5–14 years	22.4%	23.7%	22.2%	24.4%	22.3%	24.0%
15–49 years	56.0%	56.0%	53.2%	50.5%	54.6%	53.4%
50–64 years	7.0%	5.9%	4.0%	3.6%	5.6%	4.8%
65+ years	2.3%	2.4%	1.0%	1.7%	1.7%	2.1%
Person-years	57500.5	57932.8	53492.4	52252.4	110992.9	110185.2

Fig. 1 Percentage of people dying from each group of causes according to the type of neighborhood (Percentage calculated on 485 deaths in formal neighborhoods and 547 deaths in informal neighborhoods).

Table 2 Cause-specific mortality fraction (%) by neighborhood, 2009–2011

Cause of death	Formal (n=485) (%)	Informal (n=547) (%)	Both (n=1,032) (%)
Communicable diseases (CDs)	26.6	45.5	36.6
Sepsis (non-obstetric)	0.8	0.4	0.6
Acute resp infect incl. pneumonia	8.0	11.7	10.0
HIV-/AIDS-related death	4.8	6.7	5.8
Diarrheal diseases	1.2	4.9	3.2
Malaria	7.1	15.8	11.7
Meningitis and encephalitis	2.1	3.1	2.6
Pulmonary tuberculosis	2.4	2.1	2.2
Other and unspecified infect dis	0.2	0.8	0.5
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs)	36.7	16.9	26.2
Neoplasms	11.9	4.7	8.1
Severe anemia	0.3	0.3	0.3
Severe malnutrition	1.8	3.1	2.5
Diabetes	0.8	0.2	0.5
Cardiovascular diseases	17.7	5.7	11.3
Asthma	0.3	0.2	0.2
Acute abdomen	3.1	2.3	2.7
Renal failure	0.0	0.1	0.0
Epilepsy	0.4	0.3	0.4
Other and unspecified NCDs	0.4	0.0	0.2
Maternal/neonatal	2.9	7.9	5.6
Maternal causes	0.8	0.4	0.6
Neonatal causes	2.1	7.5	5.0
Injuries	4.3	3.9	4.1
Indeterminate	11.1	12.5	11.8
VA not done	18.4	13.3	15.7

Table 3 Cause-specific mortality rates (per 1,000 person-years) by neighborhood and age group, 2009–2011

	CDs			NCDs
	Both	Formal	Informal	Both	Formal	Informal
Neonatal^a	6.92	4.07	8.54	0.00	0.00	0.00
29 days–11 months	14.12	9.17	17.08	1.29	0.31	1.88
1–4 years	4.92	3.09	6.18	0.93	0.44	1.26
5–14 years	0.70	0.51	0.91	0.11	0.08	0.13
15–49 years	0.47	0.44	0.50	0.63	0.68	0.57
50–64 years	2.63	2.06	3.69	5.87	7.50	2.84
65+ years	5.79	5.02	7.27	21.29	25.76	12.70
All ages crude rate	1.71	1.12	2.35	1.22	1.54	0.87
Age-adjusted rate		1.22	2.11		1.32	0.94
	Maternal/neonatal			Injuries
	Both	Formal	Informal	Both	Formal	Informal
Neonatal^a	91.18	55.37	111.61	0.00	0.00	0.00
29 days–11 months	0.64	0.00	1.02	0.15	0.00	0.24
1–4 years	0.03	0.00	0.05	0.11	0.09	0.12
5–14 years	0.01	0.01	0.00	0.13	0.04	0.22
15–49 years	0.05	0.06	0.04	0.14	0.13	0.15
50–64 years	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.57	0.67	0.40
65+ years	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.99	1.94	2.10
All ages crude rate	na	na	na	0.19	0.18	0.20
Age-adjusted rate		na	na		0.16	0.22

na=non-applicable. Not calculated because all age groups or all sexes are not exposed to the risk of maternal mortality. At the same time, all age groups are not exposed to a risk of death from neonatal causes.

^aRates in the Table are calculated per 1,000 person-years and hence may appear very high for neonatal mortality since each neonate cannot contribute more than one-twelfth of a person-year each.

Fig. 2 Mortality fraction from communicable diseases or non-communicable diseases by age group and type of neighborhood.

Table 4 Contributions (%) of the grouped causes to the risk of death by neighborhood and age group, 2009–2011

Group of causes	Type of neighborhood	Neonatal	29 days–11 months	1–4 years	5–14 years	15–49 years	50–64 years	65+ years	Under 15 years	15+ years	All ages
	Both	7.0	87.2	82.2	74.5	36.4	29.1	19.9	72.4	29.1	50.5
Communicable	Formal	6.8	96.7	85.3	79.4	33.7	20.2	15.4	77.6	23.0	37.7
diseases	Informal	7.1	84.5	81.1	71.8	39.8	53.2	32.9	70.6	41.0	61.3
	Both	0.0	8.0	15.5	11.4	48.8	64.6	73.2	10.7	61.0	36.1
Non-communicable	Formal	0.0	3.3	12.3	12.9	51.8	73.3	78.7	8.7	68.0	52.0
diseases	Informal	0.0	9.3	16.6	10.5	45.0	41.0	57.6	11.4	47.2	22.7
	Both	93.0	3.9	0.5	0.6	3.7	0.0	0.0	14.1	1.5	7.7
Maternal/neonatal	Formal	93.2	0.0	0.0	1.8	4.3	0.0	0.0	11.5	1.5	4.2
	Informal	92.9	5.0	0.7	0.0	2.9	0.0	0.0	14.9	1.6	10.7
	Both	0.0	0.9	1.8	13.5	11.1	6.3	6.9	2.8	8.4	5.7
Injuries	Formal	0.0	0.0	2.4	5.9	10.2	6.5	5.9	2.2	7.5	6.1
	Informal	0.0	1.2	1.6	17.7	12.3	5.8	9.5	3.1	10.2	5.3