HIV-related knowledge, perceptions, attitudes, and utilisation of HIV counselling and testing: a venue-based intercept commuter population survey in the inner city of Johannesburg, South Africa

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics and univariate associations of uptake of HCT among survey participants (N=1,146)

Factor	Total (N)	Not HIV tested, n (%)	HIV tested, n (%)	P-value*	Crude OR	95% CI	P-value
Gender
Female	579	81 (36.82)	498 (53.78)	<0.001*	1 (Ref)
Male	567	139 (63.18)	428 (46.22)		0.50	0.37–0.68	<0.001**
Age group
Less than 25	366	87 (39.55)	279 (30.13)	0.007*	1 (Ref)
More than 25	780	133 (60.45)	647 (69.87)		1.56	1.12–2.06	0.007**
Marital status
Single	801	166 (75.45)	635 (68.57)	0.065	1 (Ref)
Cohabiting/married	321	48 (21.82)	273 (29.48)		1.49	1.05–2.11	0.027**
Divorced	24	6 (2.73)	18 (1.94)		0.78	0.31–2.01	0.612
Employment status
Unemployed	474	96 (43.64)	378 (40.82)	0.446	1 (Ref)
Employed	672	124 (56.35)	548 (59.18)		1.12	0.83–1.51	0.446
Education level
Primary	324	85 (38.64)	239 (25.81)	0.001*	1 (Ref)
Secondary	498	81 (36.82)	417 (45.03)		1.83	1.30–2.58	0.001**
Tertiary	324	54 (24.54)	27 (29.16)		1.78	1.21–2.61	0.003**
Sexual partnerships
None	108	33 (15.00)	75 (8.10)	<0.001*	1 (Ref)
One	681	102 (46.36)	579 (62.53)		2.50	1.58–3.96	<0.001**
More than one	357	85 (38.64)	272 (29.37)		1.41	0.87–2.27	0.159
Affected by HIV
No	264	58 (26.36)	206 (22.25)	0.192	1 (Ref)
Yes	882	162 (73.64)	720 (77.75)		1.25	0.89–1.75	0.193
Distance to nearest clinic
Less than 20 km	972	162 (73.64)	810 (87.47)	<0.001*	1 (Ref)	0.28–0.58	<0.001**
More than 20 km	174	58 (26.36)	116 (12.53)		0.40

*Bivariate associations determined by chi-square tests at 5% significance level.

**Variables with P-value of equal to or less than 5% significance level were entered into multiple logistic regression models.

Table 2 HIV-related knowledge and perceptions, stigma, and health factors affecting the uptake of HCT among study participants

Variable	Overall, N (%)	Not HIV tested, n (%)	HIV tested, n (%)	P-value	Crude OR	95% CI	P-value
Knowledge, stigma, and perceptions
Are you aware of HCT, and have you heard of PICT? (yes)	951 (82.98)	139 (14.62)	812 (85.38)	<0.001*
What is your perception of the risk of getting HIV infection? (low)	594 (51.83)	123 (16.67)	471 (83.33)	0.178	–	–	–
What makes you think you can't be HIV-positive? (I use condoms)	876 (76.44)	166 (18.95)	710 (81.65)	<0.001*	–	–	–
What is your perceived benefit of doing an HIV test? (high)	738 (64.40)	123 (16.67)	615 (83.33)	0.003*	0.74	0.52–1.05	0.091**
What are your perceptions for HIV testing? (a lot of stigma associated with HIV testing)	594 (51.83)	97 (16.33)	497 (83.67)	<0.001*
What are the social barriers to HIV testing? (stigma and discrimination)	429 (37.43)	112 (26.11)	317 (73.89)	<0.001*	0.50	0.37–0.68	<0.001**
Why is there stigma and discrimination related to HIV testing? (ignorance)	531 (46.34)	111 (20.90)	420 (79.10)	0.163
Health factors
Why would you say there is a lack of ART services? (no information on ART services)	1,023 (89.27)	201 (19.65)	822 (80.35)	0.264
Why do you think there is no confidentiality at testing stations? (testing station located near place of residence)	615 (53.66)	102 (16.59)	513 (83.41)	<0.001*
Which health worker reduces your willingness to test? (nurses)	660 (57.59)	135 (20.45)	525 (79.55)	0.055
Experience difficulty in accessing HCT services? (yes)	1,023 (89.27)	196 (19.16)	827 (80.84)	0.925
Have you paid for HIV testing? (yes)	141 (12.30)	21 (14.89)	120 (85.11)	0.166	1.41	0.87–2.30	0.168

*Bivariate associations determined by chi-square tests at 5% significance level.

**Variables with P-value of equal to or less than 5% significance level were entered into multiple logistic regression models.

Table 3 Multivariate analysis of factors associated with HCT by gender

	Overall			Female			Male
Factor	Adjusted OR	95% CI	P-value	Adjusted OR	95% CI	P-value	Adjusted OR	95% CI	P-value
Gender
Female	1 (Ref)
Male	0.51	0.36–0.73	<0.001	–	–	–	–	–	–
Age group
Less than 25	1 (Ref)			1 (Ref)			1 (Ref)
More than 25	1.72	1.19–2.48	0.004	1.61	0.64–2.11	0.623	1.48	0.91–2.41	0.115
Marital status
Single	1 (Ref)			1 (Ref)			1 (Ref)
Cohabiting or married	1.31	0.88–1.94	0.178	0.83	0.43–1.59	0.569	1.68	1.02–2.78	0.041
Divorced	0.61	0.22–1.69	0.339	0.43	0.10–1.77	0.240	0.65	0.14–3.03	0.592
Education level
Primary	1 (Ref)			1 (Ref)			1 (Ref)
Secondary	1.48	0.99–2.17	0.047	0.66	0.32–1.35	0.255	2.00	1.15–3.47	0.014
Tertiary	1.58	1.05–2.52	0.033	0.77	0.32–1.82	0.549	1.99	1.11–3.29	0.020
Sexual partnerships
None	1 (Ref)			1 (Ref)			1 (Ref)
One	2.06	1.26–3.55	0.005	2.65	1.19–5.90	0.017	2.65	1.21–5.83	0.015
More than one	1.70	1.01–3.01	0.054	1.24	0.44–3.48	0.684	2.25	1.01–5.00	0.046
Distance to nearest clinic
Less than 20 km	1 (Ref)			1 (Ref)			1 (Ref)
More than 20 km	0.33	0.20–0.45	<0.001	0.21	0.12–0.39	<0.001	0.36	0.20–0.67	0.001
HCT awareness
No	1 (Ref)			1 (Ref)			1 (Ref)
Yes	4.01	2.77–5.81	0.000	3.42	1.72–6.81	0.000	3.76	2.32–6.10	0.000
Perceived benefit for HIV testing
High	1 (Ref)			1 (Ref)			1 (Ref)
Low	0.78	0.55–1.09	0.143	0.54	0.30–0.96	0.035	0.89	0.55–1.43	0.627
Stigma and discrimination as a social barrier to HIV testing
No	1 (Ref)			1 (Ref)			1 (Ref)
Yes	0.44	0.31–0.62	<0.001	0.59	0.33–1.04	0.068	0.35	0.22–0.54	<0.001