Causes of death in the Taabo health and demographic surveillance system, Côte d'Ivoire, from 2009 to 2011

Figures & data

Table 1 Person-year structure, total number of deaths, and mortality rates by sex and age in the Taabo HDSS, 2009–2011

	Male			Female			Total*
Age (years)	aPYx	aDx	aMx (‰)	aPYx	aDx	aMx (‰)	aPYx	aDx	aMx (‰)
<1	706	87	123.2	700	91	130.0	1,406	178	126.6
1–4	6,476	100	15.4	6,475	97	15.0	12,951	197	15.2
5–14	16,198	28	1.7	14,769	27	1.8	30,967	55	1.8
15–49	25,617	139	5.4	22,869	110	4.8	48,485	249	5.1
50–64	3,792	62	16.4	3,176	37	11.6	6,967	99	14.2
≥65	1,595	98	61.4	1,577	72	45.7	3,173	170	53.6
All*	54,384	514	9.5	49,566	434	8.8	103,949	948	9.1

_aPY_x=total person-years lived in the sex-specific cohort from age a to age x.

_aD_x=total number of deaths in the sex-specific cohort from age a to age x.

_aM_{x (‰)}=total mortality rate per 1,000 person-years in the sex-specific cohort from age a to age x.

*Idiosyncrasies of InterVA-4 lead to minor rounding errors and explain small differences between the disaggregated data and the summed up totals as presented in this study.

Fig. 1 Flow chart detailing the operational result of verbal autopsies in the Taabo HDSS, 2009–2011. The total number of deaths recorded, reasons for exclusion from the present analysis, and the final study sample with complete verbal autopsy data are highlighted.

Table 2 Deaths with no or incomplete verbal autopsy data by sex and age group in the Taabo HDSS, 2009–2011

	Male			Female			Total*
Age (years)	aDx	%	aMx (‰)	aDx	%	aMx (‰)	aDx	%	aMx (‰)
<1	13	1.4	18.4	16	1.7	22.9	29	3.1	20.6
1–4	27	2.8	4.2	26	2.7	4.0	53	5.6	4.1
5–14	7	0.7	0.4	4	0.4	0.3	11	1.2	0.4
15–49	45	4.7	1.8	32	3.4	1.4	77	8.1	1.6
50–64	21	2.2	5.5	7	0.7	2.2	28	3.0	4.0
≥65	15	1.6	9.4	23	2.4	14.6	38	4.0	12.0
All*	128	13.5	2.4	108	11.4	2.2	236	24.9	2.3

This table summarizes the cases of death that were registered in the Taabo HDSS but that could not or could only incompletely be investigated by means of verbal autopsy. Hence, these cases of death could not be included in the following causes of death analyses.

_aD_x=total number of deaths in the sex-specific cohort from age a to age x.

% = percentage of all 948 cases of death that were registered in the Taabo HDSS.

_aM_{x (‰)}=total mortality rate per 1,000 person-years in the sex-specific cohort from age a to age x.

*Idiosyncrasies of InterVA-4 lead to minor rounding errors and explain small differences between the disaggregated data and the summed up totals as presented in this study.

Table 3 Mortality due to communicable diseases by sex and age group in the Taabo HDSS, 2009–2011

	<1 year			1–4 years			5–14 years			15–49 years			50–64 years			≥65 years
Cause of death	aDx	%	aMx (‰)	aDx	%	aMx (‰)	aDx	%	aMx (‰)	aDx	%	aMx (‰)	aDx	%	aMx (‰)	aDx	%	aMx (‰)
	Male
Communicable diseases*	34	4.8	48.6	60	8.4	9.3	12	1.6	0.7	53	7.5	2.1	19	2.7	5.1	37	5.2	23.3
Acute respiratory infection, including pneumonia	16	2.3	22.8	10	1.5	1.6	3	0.4	0.2	12	1.6	0.5	8	1.1	2.1	13	1.8	8.2
Diarrheal diseases	3	0.4	3.9	5	0.7	0.8	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.3
HIV/AIDS-related death	5	0.7	7.1	8	1.1	1.2	4	0.5	0.2	9	1.3	0.4	4	0.5	1.0	2	0.3	1.3
Malaria	8	1.1	11.5	33	4.6	5.0	4	0.5	0.2	9	1.3	0.4	2	0.3	0.5	5	0.7	3.0
Measles	1	0.1	0.8	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Meningitis and encephalitis	2	0.3	2.6	3	0.4	0.4	0	0.0	0.0	3	0.4	0.1	1	0.1	0.3	0	0.0	0.0
Other and unspecified infectious disease	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.2	0	0.0	0.0	4	0.6	0.2	1	0.1	0.3	4	0.5	2.3
Pulmonary tuberculosis	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.1	16	2.3	0.6	4	0.5	0.9	12	1.7	7.4
Sepsis (non-obstetric)	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.2	0.7
Tetanus	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
	Female
Communicable diseases*	44	6.1	62.5	58	8.1	9.0	16	2.2	1.1	49	6.9	2.1	14	1.9	4.3	23	3.1	14.3
Acute respiratory infection, including pneumonia	14	1.8	19.5	9	1.2	1.4	5	0.7	0.3	5	0.6	0.2	5	0.7	1.6	10	1.4	6.6
Diarrheal diseases	4	0.6	5.7	4	0.5	0.6	0	0.0	0.0	3	0.4	0.1	1	0.1	0.3	1	0.1	0.5
HIV/AIDS-related death	5	0.7	7.4	12	1.6	1.9	4	0.6	0.3	20	2.8	0.9	3	0.5	1.1	3	0.4	1.9
Malaria	15	2.1	20.9	31	4.2	4.7	5	0.6	0.3	13	1.9	0.6	1	0.1	0.3	4	0.5	2.3
Measles	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.1	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Meningitis and encephalitis	4	0.6	6.3	1	0.1	0.2	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Other and unspecified infectious disease	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.1	1	0.1	0.0	2	0.3	0.1	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.6
Pulmonary tuberculosis	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.2	0.1	5	0.7	0.2	3	0.4	0.9	4	0.5	2.2
Sepsis (non-obstetric)	1	0.1	1.2	1	0.1	0.1	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Tetanus	1	0.1	1.4	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0

_aD_x=cause-specific number of deaths in the sex-specific cohort from age a to age x.

% = percentage of all 712 cases of death that could be examined with the InterVA-4 tool.

_aM_{x (‰)}=cause-specific mortality rate per 1,000 person-years in the sex-specific cohort from age a to age x.

*Idiosyncrasies of InterVA-4 lead to minor rounding errors and explain small differences between the disaggregated data and the summed up totals as presented in this study.

Table 4 Mortality due to non-communicable diseases by sex and age group in the Taabo HDSS, 2009–2011

	<1 year			1–4 years			5–14 years			15–49 years			50–64 years			≥65 years
Cause of death	aDx	%	aMx (‰)	aDx	%	aMx (‰)	aDx	%	aMx (‰)	aDx	%	aMx (‰)	aDx	%	aMx (‰)	aDx	%	aMx (‰)
	Male
Non-communicable diseases*	8	1.1	10.8	7	1.0	1.1	3	0.4	0.2	17	2.4	0.7	15	2.1	4.0	34	4.7	21.1
Acute abdomen	2	0.3	2.7	3	0.4	0.4	1	0.1	0.1	7	1.0	0.3	5	0.8	1.4	4	0.6	2.6
Acute cardiac disease	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Asthma	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Breast neoplasms	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Congenital malformation	3	0.5	4.9	1	0.1	0.1	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Diabetes mellitus	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.5
Digestive neoplasms	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	3	0.4	0.1	4	0.5	1.0	2	0.3	1.5
Epilepsy	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.1	2	0.2	0.1	2	0.2	0.1	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Liver cirrhosis	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Oral neoplasms	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	2	0.3	0.1	0	0.0	0.0	2	0.3	1.5
Other and unspecified cardiac disease	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	2	0.3	0.5	9	1.3	5.6
Other and unspecified non- communicable diseases	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.2	1	0.1	0.6
Other and unspecified neoplasms	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.2	0.0	1	0.1	0.3	4	0.5	2.2
Renal failure	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.5
Reproductive neoplasms	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	2	0.3	1.1
Respiratory neoplasms	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.2	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.4
Severe anemia	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.1	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	2	0.3	1.2
Severe malnutrition	2	0.3	3.2	2	0.3	0.3	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.4
Stroke	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	2	0.3	0.5	5	0.6	2.9
Sickle cell with crisis	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
	Female
Non-communicable diseases*	1	0.2	1.7	4	0.5	0.6	3	0.4	0.2	14	2.0	0.6	11	1.5	3.4	16	2.3	10.2
Acute abdomen	1	0.2	1.7	3	0.4	0.4	1	0.1	0.1	4	0.5	0.2	2	0.3	0.8	5	0.7	3.1
Acute cardiac disease	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.3	0	0.0	0.0
Asthma	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Breast neoplasms	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Congenital malformation	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Diabetes mellitus	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.2	0.1	1	0.1	0.2	2	0.2	1.1
Digestive neoplasms	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.0	1	0.1	0.2	3	0.4	1.7
Epilepsy	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Liver cirrhosis	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.0	1	0.2	0.4	1	0.1	0.5
Oral neoplasms	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Other and unspecified cardiac disease	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	2	0.2	0.1	1	0.2	0.4	1	0.1	0.5
Other and unspecified non- communicable diseases	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.2	0.4	1	0.1	0.6
Other and unspecified neoplasms	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	2	0.3	1.2
Renal failure	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Reproductive neoplasms	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	2	0.2	0.5	0	0.0	0.0
Respiratory neoplasms	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Severe anemia	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.0	1	0.1	0.3	0	0.0	0.0
Severe malnutrition	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.1	2	0.3	0.1	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	2	0.3	1.3
Stroke	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	2	0.3	0.1	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Sickle cell with crisis	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.1	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0

_aD_x=cause-specific number of deaths in the sex-specific cohort from age a to age x.

% = percentage of all 712 cases of death that could be examined with the InterVA-4 tool.

_aM_{x (‰)}=cause-specific mortality rate per 1,000 person-years in the sex-specific cohort from age a to age x.

*Idiosyncrasies of InterVA-4 lead to minor rounding errors and explain small differences between the disaggregated data and the summed up totals as presented in this study.

Table 5 Mortality due to maternal and neonatal conditions by sex and age group in the Taabo HDSS, 2009–2011

	<1 year
	Male			Female			Female (15–49 years)
Cause of death	aDx	%	aMx (‰)	aDx	%	aMx (‰)	aDx	%	aMx (‰)
Maternal/neonatal*	27	3.9	38.9	23	3.2	32.7	7	1.0	0.3
Anemia of pregnancy	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.0
Birth asphyxia	10	1.4	14.2	6	0.9	8.8	0	0.0	0.0
Congenital malformation	3	0.4	3.8	1	0.1	1.2	0	0.0	0.0
Neonatal pneumonia	11	1.5	15.5	8	1.1	11.1	0	0.0	0.0
Neonatal sepsis	0	0.1	0.7	2	0.3	3.2	0	0.0	0.0
Obstetric hemorrhage	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	3	0.4	0.1
Obstructed labor	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Other and unspecified maternal cause of death	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.0
Other and unspecified neonatal cause of death	3	0.4	3.7	1	0.1	1.4	0	0.0	0.0
Pregnancy-induced hypertension	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	2	0.3	0.1
Pregnancy-related sepsis	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.0
Prematurity	1	0.2	1.8	5	0.7	7.0	0	0.0	0.0

_aD_x=cause-specific number of deaths in the sex-specific cohort from age a to age x.

% = percentage of all 712 cases of death that could be examined with the InterVA-4 tool.

_aM_{x (‰)}=cause-specific mortality rate per 1,000 person-years in the sex-specific cohort from age a to age x.

*Idiosyncrasies of InterVA-4 lead to minor rounding errors and explain small differences between the disaggregated data and the summed up totals as presented in this study.

Table 6 Mortality due to trauma and injury by sex and age group in the Taabo HDSS, 2009–2011

	<1 year			1–4 years			5–14 years			15–49 years			50–64 years			≥65 years
Cause of death	aDx	%	aMx (‰)	aDx	%	aMx (‰)	aDx	%	aMx (‰)	aDx	%	aMx (‰)	aDx	%	aMx (‰)	aDx	%	aMx (‰)
	Male
Trauma and injury*	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	5	0.7	0.3	14	2.0	0.6	0	0.0	0.0	2	0.3	1.3
Accidental burns and smoke inhalation	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Accidental drowning and submersion	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.1	2	0.3	0.1	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Accidental fall	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	2	0.2	0.1	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Accidental poisoning and noxious substances	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.1	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Assault	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.1	4	0.5	0.1	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.6
Contact with venomous plants/animals	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	2	0.3	0.1	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Intentional self-harm	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.1	1	0.1	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.4
Other and unspecified external cause of death	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Traffic accident	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	2	0.3	0.1	2	0.3	0.1	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
	Female
Trauma and injury*	0	0.0	0.0	3	0.4	0.5	2	0.3	0.1	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	2	0.3	1.3
Accidental burns and smoke inhalation	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.2	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Accidental drowning and submersion	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.1	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Accidental fall	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.2	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.5
Accidental poisoning and noxious substances	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Assault	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Contact with venomous plants/animals	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.2	1	0.1	0.1	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Intentional self-harm	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0
Other and unspecified external cause of death	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	1	0.1	0.4
Traffic accident	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0.0

_aD_x=cause-specific number of deaths in the sex-specific cohort from age a to age x.

%=percentage of all 712 cases of death that could be examined with the InterVA-4 tool.

_aM_{x (‰)}=cause-specific mortality rate per 1,000 person-years in the sex-specific cohort from age a to age x.

*Idiosyncrasies of InterVA-4 lead to minor rounding errors and explain small differences between the disaggregated data and the summed up totals as presented in this study.

Table 7 Mortality due to undetermined causes by sex and age group in the Taabo HDSS, 2009–2011

	Male			Female			Total*
Age (years)	aDx	%	aMx (‰)	aDx	%	aMx (‰)	aDx	%	aMx (‰)
<1	8	1.0	10.7	6	0.8	8.8	14	1.9	9.7
1–4	5	0.7	0.8	5	0.8	0.8	11	1.5	0.8
5–14	2	0.2	0.1	2	0.3	0.2	4	0.5	0.1
15–49	9	1.3	0.4	7	1.0	0.3	16	2.3	0.3
50–64	7	0.9	1.7	5	0.7	1.7	12	1.7	1.7
≥65	8	1.1	4.9	7	0.9	4.5	15	2.1	4.7
All*	38	5.3	0.7	33	4.7	0.7	71	10.0	0.7

This table summarizes the mortality due to causes that could not be determined despite complete data from verbal autopsy.

_aD_x=cause-specific number of deaths in the sex-specific cohort from age a to age x.

% = percentage of all 712 cases of death that could be examined with the InterVA-4 tool.

_aM_{x (‰)}=cause-specific mortality rate per 1,000 person-years in the sex-specific cohort from age a to age x.

*Idiosyncrasies of InterVA-4 lead to minor rounding errors and explain small differences between the disaggregated data and the summed up totals as presented in this study.

Table 8 Comparison of the Taabo HDSS mortality data (2009–2011) with other estimates for Côte d'Ivoire

	Taabo HDSS	National comparison data
Cause-specific mortality (mortality rate provided per 1,000 person-years in total population)^a
Communicable disease^b	4.0	8.6*
Malaria	1.2	0.7*
HIV/AIDS-related	0.8	1.6*
Non-communicable disease	1.3	7.9*
Trauma and injury	0.3	1.2*
Adult mortality (all-cause mortality rate provided per 1,000 person-years in adults 15–49 years)
Crude male mortality	5.4	4.9^#
Crude female mortality	4.8	5.8^#
Reproductive health (mortality rate provided per 1,000 live births)
Maternal mortality	2.5	6.1^#
Infant mortality^c	34.0	68.0^#
Under-five mortality^d	94.3	108.0^#
Cause-specific mortality in children under 5 years (distribution of causes of deaths in %)
Malaria	29.7	16.0*
Acute respiratory infections and pneumonia	16.7	15.0*
HIV/AIDS	10.2	2.0*
Diarrhea-related	5.5	10.0*
Intrapartum-related/birth asphyxia	5.5	12.0*
Congenital anomalies	2.7	5.0*
Prematurity	2.0	13.0*
Trauma and injury	1.0	5.0*
Neonatal sepsis	0.7	8.0*
Neonatal pneumonia	6.5	–
Measles	0.3	0.0*
Other conditions	18.8	14.0*

Comparison data marked with * are from the World Health Statistics 2014, which provides data for 2012 (8). Comparison data marked with # are from the most recent Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, which provides data collected in late 2011 and early 2012 (9).

^aOriginally, the comparison data were age-standardized and provided as per 100,000 population. For comparison, the data were transformed into crude mortality rates per 1,000 person-years by assuming 1,000 population = 1,000 person-years and ignoring any age standardization.

^bThe cluster of communicable diseases consists of all infectious, contagious, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions, even though the latter three conditions are not communicable. These conditions were grouped together to facilitate comparison with the World Health Statistics 2014, which also uses this grouping (8).

^cDefined as all-cause mortality in children under 1 year.

^dDefined as all-cause mortality in children under 5 years.

WHO. World health statistics 2014. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112738/1/9789240692671_eng.pdf [cited 3 March 2015]..

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