Correlates of previous couples’ HIV counseling and testing uptake among married individuals in three HIV prevalence strata in Rakai, Uganda

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of study respondents by HIV prevalence strata, Rakai, Uganda

		HIV prevalence strata
Characteristic	Total N=2,135 (%)	Low HIV prevalence, N=743 (%)	Middle HIV prevalence, N=775 (%)	High HIV prevalence, N=617 (%)
Age group
15–24 years	316 (14.8)	80 (10.8)	76 (9.8)	160 (25.9)
25–34 years	986 (46.2)	345 (46.4)	342 (44.1)	299 (48.5)
35+years	833 (39.0)	318 (42.8)	357 (46.1)	158 (25.6)
Sex
Female	1,100 (51.5)	374 (50.3)	411 (53.0)	315 (51.0)
Male	1,035 (48.5)	369 (49.7)	364 (47.0)	302 (49.0)
Education level
None	124 (5.8)	55 (7.4)	22 (2.8)	47 (7.6)
Primary	1,432 (67.1)	460 (61.9)	528 (68.1)	444 (72.0)
Post-primary	579 (27.1)	228 (30.7)	225 (29.0)	126 (20.4)
Marital duration
1–2 years	132 (6.2)	21 (2.8)	14 (1.8)	97 (15.7)
3–4 years	220 (10.3)	44 (5.9)	44 (5.7)	132 (21.4)
5+years	1,783 (83.5)	678 (91.3)	717 (92.5)	388 (62.9)
Marital order
First	1,410 (66.0)	534 (71.9)	543 (70.1)	333 (54.0)
Second	551 (25.8)	157 (21.1)	167 (21.5)	227 (36.8)
Third or more	174 (8.2)	52 (7.0)	65 (8.4)	57 (9.2)
Extramarital relations
Yes	291 (13.6)	109 (14.7)	89 (11.5)	93 (15.1)
No	1,844 (86.4)	634 (85.3)	686 (88.5)	524 (84.9)
HIV status
Negative	1,688 (79.1)	568 (76.4)	626 (80.8)	494 (80.1)
Positive	160 (7.5)	14 (1.9)	26 (3.3)	120 (19.4)
Not available	287 (13.4)	161 (21.7)	123 (15.9)	3 (0.5)
Knows that HIV-discordance is possible among couples
Yes	2,113 (99.0)	735 (98.9)	769 (99.2)	609 (98.7)
No	22 (1.0)	8 (1.1)	6 (0.8)	8 (1.3)
Ever received HCT
Yes	2,020 (94.6)	704 (94.7)	707 (91.2)	609 (98.7)
No	115 (5.4)	39 (5.3)	68 (8.8)	8 (1.3)
Time since last received HCT^a
Less than a year	1,359 (67.3)	384 (54.6)	377 (53.3)	598 (98.2)
1 year	235 (11.6)	127 (18.0)	99 (14.0)	9 (1.5)
2+years	426 (21.1)	193 (27.4)	231 (32.7)	2 (0.3)
Organization where HCT was received from
Rakai health sciences program	1,891 (88.6)	641 (86.3)	647 (83.5)	603 (97.7)
Other organization	244 (11.4)	102 (13.7)	128 (16.5)	14 (2.3)
Aware of availability of couples’ HCT services
Yes	2,060 (96.5)	705 (94.9)	752 (97.0)	603 (97.7)
No	75 (3.5)	38 (5.1)	23 (3.0)	14 (2.3)
HIV status disclosure (ever)^a
Yes	1,000 (85.2)	318 (80.5)	346 (84.0)	336 (91.6)
No	174 (14.8)	77 (19.5)	66 (16.0)	31 (8.4)

^aExpressed among those who reported previous receipt of individual HCT.

Table 2 Previous receipt of couples’ HIV counseling and testing among ever-tested married individuals by background characteristics and HIV prevalence strata, Rakai, Uganda

			HIV prevalence strata
	Overall		Low HIV prevalence		Middle HIV prevalence		High HIV prevalence
Characteristic	Ever-tested individuals (N)	Number and proportion^a with previous couples’ HCT	Ever-tested individuals (N)	Number and proportion^a with previous couples’ HCT	Ever-tested individuals (N)	Number and proportion^a with previous couples’ HCT	Ever-tested individuals (N)	Number and proportion^a with previous couples’ HCT
All tested individuals	2,020	846 (41.9)	704	309 (43.9)	707	295 (41.7)	609	242 (39.7)
Age group
15–24 years	309	127 (41.1)	77	33 (42.9)	73	31 (42.5)	159	63 (39.6)
25–34 years	939	400 (42.6)	325	144 (44.3)	318	136 (42.8)	296	120 (40.5)
35 + years	772	319 (41.3)	302	132 (43.7)	316	128 (40.5)	154	59 (38.3)
Education level
None	118	51 (43.2)	52	31 (59.6)	20	7 (35.0)	46	13 (28.3)
Primary	1,341	537 (40.0)	433	178 (41.1)	469	191 (40.7)	439	168 (38.3)
Post-primary	561	258 (46.0)	219	100 (45.7)	218	97 (44.5)	124	61 (49.2)
Sex
Female	1,071	447 (41.7)	366	162 (44.3)	393	160 (40.7)	312	125 (40.1)
Male	949	399 (42.0)	338	147 (43.5)	314	135 (43.0)	297	117 (39.4)
HIV status (N=1,763)
Negative	1,613	681 (42.2)	541	233 (43.1)	581	245 (42.2)	491	203 (41.3)
Positive	150	54 (36.0)	13	8 (61.5)	22	8 (36.4)	115	38 (33.0)
Aware about availability of couples’ HCT services
Yes	1,950	840 (43.1)	667	306 (45.9)	688	293 (42.6)	595	241 (40.5)
No	70	06 (8.6)	37	3 (8.1)	19	2 (10.5)	14	1 (7.1)
Knows that couples can have HIV-discordant status
Yes	2,000	840 (42.0)	696	306 (44.0)	703	293 (41.7)	601	241 (40.1)
No	20	6 (30.0)	8	3 (37.5)	4	2 (50.0)	8	1 (12.5)
Marital duration
1–2 years	129	51 (39.5)	18	9 (50.0)	14	5 (35.7)	97	37 (38.1)
3–4 years	213	89 (41.8)	42	24 (57.1)	40	17 (42.5)	131	48 (36.6)
5 + years	1,678	706 (42.1)	644	276 (42.9)	653	273 (41.8)	381	157 (41.2)
Marital order
First order	1,343	558 (41.6)	512	213 (41.6)	502	210 (41.8)	329	135 (41.0)
Second order	518	213 (41.8)	144	68 (47.2)	150	57 (38.0)	224	88 (39.3)
Third order or higher	159	75 (47.2)	48	28 (58.3)	55	28 (50.9)	56	19 (33.9)
Extramarital relations
Yes	264	105 (39.8)	100	38 (38.0)	73	30 (41.1)	91	37 (40.7)
No	1,756	741 (42.2)	604	271 (44.9)	634	265 (41.8)	518	205 (39.6)
Study arm
Comparison	884	407 (46.0)	228	99 (43.4)	433	200 (46.2)	223	108 (48.4)
Intervention	1,136	439 (38.6)	476	210 (44.1)	274	95 (34.7)	386	134 (34.7)

^aProportion of individuals who received previous couples’ HCT among those who have ever received HCT.

Table 3 Unadjusted and adjusted^a odds ratios and 95% CIs associated with previous receipt of couples’ HCT among 1,848 individuals with known HIV status

Variable	Unadjusted odds ratios (95% CI)	Adjusted odds ratios (95% CI)
Sex
Female	1.00	1.00
Male	0.90 (0.75–1.09)	0.91 (0.70–1.18)
Age group
15–24 years	1.00	1.00
25–34 years	1.02 (0.78–1.35)	1.02 (0.76–1.37)
35+years	0.97 (0.73–1.29)	0.94 (0.55–1.61)
Education level
None	1.00	1.00
Primary	0.87 (0.58–1.30)	0.86 (0.15–5.01)
Post-primary	1.16 (0.76–1.77)	1.14 (0.16–7.86)
Awareness about the availability of couples’ HCT services
No	1.00	1.00
Yes	7.88 (2.82–21.98)	7.58 (5.63–10.20)^*
HIV status
HIV negative	1.00	1.00
HIV positive	0.75 (0.53–1.06)	0.75 (0.54–1.06)
Marital order
First	1.00	1.00
Second	0.96 (0.77–1.19)	1.09 (0.84–1.40)
Third or higher	1.12 (0.79–1.58)	1.32 (0.47–3.68)
Marital duration
1–2 years	1.00	1.00
3–4 years	1.00 (0.63–1.58)	1.00 (0.53–1.90)
5+years	1.07 (0.74–1.56)	1.06 (1.04–1.08)^**

CI=confidence interval.

^aAdjusted for education level, awareness about the existence of couples’ HCT services within the Rakai cohort, HIV status, sex and age group, marital order and marital duration. The OR and 95% CI have been adjusted for clustering around HIV prevalence strata. *p=0.001; **p=0.006