Maternal willingness to pay for infant and young child nutrition counseling services in Vietnam

Figures & data

Fig. 1 Iterative bidding technique used to elicit willingness to pay for nutrition counseling services in Vietnam.

First bidding questions: If a nutrition counseling session costs VND 20,000, are you willing to pay that amount? Exchange rate: US$ 1=VND 20,000.

Table 1 General characteristics of the study subjects

	Frequency (n)	%
Age
18–24	735	29.3
25–34	1,473	58.7
35 +	303	12.1
Ethnicity
Ethnic minority	345	13.7
Kinh	2,166	86.3
Education
Primary	205	8.2
Secondary	1,068	42.5
Tertiary	721	28.7
Higher	517	20.6
Occupation
Farmer	985	39.2
Salary government employee	298	11.9
Salary non-government employee	398	15.9
Small trader/self-employment	461	18.4
Housewife	353	14.1
Jobless	16	0.6
Economic status (quintile)
First group (poorest)	475	18.9
Second group	483	19.2
Third group	499	19.9
Fourth group	535	21.3
Fifth group (richest)	519	20.7
Child age
< 6 months	997	39.7
6–11 months	353	14.1
12–24 months	1,161	46.2
Total	2,511	100

Fig. 2 WTP rates for counseling services at different price levels. Exchange rate: US$ 1 = VND 20,000.

Table 2 Logistic regression analyses of correlates of willingness to pay rate (at the bid of VND 20,000^a)

	Bivariate associations		Multiple logistic regression
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Age
18–24^b	2.56***	1.57; 4.16	2.26**	1.39; 3.66
25–34	1.41^+	0.95; 2.09	1.26	0.85; 1.86
≥35+^b
Ethnicity
Ethnic minority^b
Kinh	1.24	0.83; 1.86	1.48*	1.02; 2.16
Education
Primary^b
Secondary	2.37***	1.56; 3.59	1.7*	1.12; 2.57
Tertiary	3.13***	1.97; 4.96	1.76*	1.08; 2.85
Higher	5.45***	3.07; 9.65	1.73	0.93; 3.23
Occupation
Farmer^b
Salary government employee	3.01**	1.59; 5.68	1.29	0.68; 2.47
Salary non-government employee	2.01**	1.25; 3.23	1.32	0.81; 2.16
Small trader/self-employment	2.13**	1.34; 3.36	1.32	0.82; 2.11
Housewife	1.06	0.71; 1.59	0.76	0.49; 1.16
Jobless	0.51	0.14; 1.83	0.29	0.08; 1.09
Economic status (quintile)
First group (poorest)^b
Second group	1.83**	1.23; 2.72	1.59*	1.07; 2.37
Third group	2.44***	1.59; 3.72	1.93**	1.25; 2.99
Fourth group	4.26***	2.60; 6.99	2.68***	1.62; 4.42
Fifth group (richest)	3.90***	2.40; 6.34	2.07**	1.22; 3.51
Child age
<6 months^b
6–11 months	0.89	0.56; 1.40	1.01	0.64; 1.57
12–24 months	0.81	0.59; 1.12	0.93	0.68; 1.25
Constant			2.88**	1.54; 5.35

OR: odd ratio; CI: confidence interval.

⁺ p<0.10, p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

^aExchange rate: US$ 1=VND 20,000; ^breference group.

Table 3 Log-linear regression model analyzing socioeconomic correlates of the maximum willingness to pay amount

	Bivariate associations		Multiple logistic regression
	Coefficient	95% CI	Coefficient	95% CI
Age
18–24	0.29***	0.18; 0.39	0.28***	0.17; −0.39
25–34	0.13*	0.03; 0.23	0.09	−0.01; −0.19
35 + ^a
Ethnicity
Ethnic minority^a
Kinh	0.09^+	0.00; 0.18	0.02	−0.08; 0.11
Education
Primary^a
Secondary	0.22***	0.10; 0.34	0.1	−0.03; 0.22
Tertiary	0.27***	0.14; 0.39	0.06	−0.08; 0.19
Higher	0.43***	0.30; 0.56	0.12	−0.03; 0.27
Occupation
Farmer^a
Salary government employee	0.35***	0.24; 0.45	0.17**	0.05; 0.30
Salary non-government employee	0.22***	0.13; 0.31	0.08	−0.02; 0.18
Small trader/self-employment	0.26***	0.17; 0.34	0.13**	0.04; 0.23
Housewife	0.06	−0.03; 0.16	−0.06	−0.16; 0.04
Jobless	0.21	−0.19; 0.61	−0.03	−0.42; 0.37
Economic status (quintile)
First group (poorest)^a
Second group	0.22***	0.12; 0.32	0.18***	0.08; 0.29
Third group	0.26***	0.17; 0.36	0.21***	0.11; 0.32
Fourth group	0.37***	0.27; 0.46	0.28***	0.17; 0.39
Fifth group (richest)	0.46***	0.36; 0.56	0.35***	0.23; 0.47
Child age
< 6 months^a
6–11 months	−0.08	−0.17; 0.02	−0.08	−0.17; 0.02
12–24 months	−0.07^+	−0.13; 0.00	−0.03	−0.1; 0.03
Constant			3.69***	3.53; 3.84

CI: Confidence Interval.

⁺p<0.10, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

^aReference group.

Box 2. Willingness to pay questions

1.	Are you interested in IYCF counseling?	Yes ……………………………1 No………………………………0
2.	If one IYCF counseling session at CHC is VND 20,000, are you willing to pay for it?	Yes ……………………………1 > >3 No………………………………0 >> 5 Don't know, no answer…………88 > > 5
3.	If one IYCF counseling session at CHC is VND 40,000, are you willing to pay for it?	Yes ……………………………1 > >4 No………………………………0 >> 7 Don't know, no answer…………88 > > 7
4.	If one IYCF counseling session at CHC is VND 100,000, are you willing to pay for it?	Yes ……………………………1 >> 7 Don't know, no answer…………88 > > 7
5.	If one IYCF counseling session at CHC is VND 10,000, are you willing to pay for it?	Yes ……………………………1 > > 7 No………………………………0 >> 6 Don't know, no answer…………88 > > 6
6.	If one IYCF counseling session at CHC is VND 5,000, are you willing to pay for it?	Yes ……………………………1 > > 7 No………………………………0 > > 7 Don't know, no answer…………88 > >7
7.	What is the maximum VND you are willing to pay for one IYCF counseling session?	……………….VND
8.	Why are you willing to pay for IYCF counseling?	Because my child does not grow as expected (underweight, stunting………………………1 Because I do not have enough knowledge and skills to feed my child……………………….2 Because I am satisfied with the counseling service at CHC………………………….…3 Other (specifies)……………………………88
9.	Why are you NOT willing to pay for IYCF counseling?	I have relatives who are health providers that can counsel me…………….……………….1 I don't think it is necessary …….………….2 I don't have money ………………….…….3 I don't have time… …………………….….4 Others (specifies)………………………….88