Missed opportunities for institutional delivery and associated factors among urban resident pregnant women in South Tigray Zone, Ethiopia: a community-based follow-up study

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of mothers (n=465) who were in their second and third trimesters of pregnancy in South Tigray Zone towns, November, 2014

Characteristics	Frequency (%)
Age of mothers during the interview (mean, SD 28.7±6.4 SD)
15–19	33 (7.1)
20–24	109 (23.4)
25–29	136 (29.2)
>30	187 (40.2)
Marital status
Single	68 (14.6)
Married	339 (72.9)
Divorced	20 (4.3)
Widowed	38 (8.2)
Religion
Muslim	103 (22.2)
Orthodox	333 (71.6)
Protestant	19 (4.1)
Other*	10 (2.2)
Educational status
No formal education	168 (36.1)
Primary education	143 (30.8)
Secondary and high school	78 (16.8)
Collage and above	76 (16.3)
Ethnicity
Tigre	384 (82.6)
Amhara	64 (13.8)
Other**	17 (3.7)
Occupation
Housewife	263 (56.6)
Self-employed	66 (14.2)
Government employee	80 (17.2)
Students/daily workers	56 (12)

Other*=Catholic, Seventh Day Adventist; Other**=Gurage, Agawu, Afar.

Table 2 Obstetric characteristics of women in South Tigray Zone towns, November, 2014

Factors	Frequency (%)	95% CI
Gravidity
I	118 (25.4)	21.3–29.5
II–V	263 (56.6)	51.8–60.9
≥VI	84 (18.1)	14.6–21.5
Neonatal death
No	334 (71.8)	67.7–75.9
Yes	131 (28.2)	24.1–32.3
Index ANC follow-up
Yes	345 (74.2)	70.1–78.3
No	120 (25.8)	21.7–29.9
Actual place of delivery
Home delivery	134 (28.8)	24.5–32.9
Institution delivery	331 (71.2)	67.1–75.5
Birth preparedness and complication readiness
No	98 (21.1)	18.2–26.6
Yes	367 (78.9)	73.4–81.8
Duration of labour (hours)
≤3	24 (5.2)	3.2–7.3
3–24	428 (92)	89.2–94.6
>24	13 (2.8)	1.3–4.3
Obstetric problems during pregnancy
No	54 (11.6)	8.8–14.8
Yes	411 (88.4)	85.2–91.2
Mode of delivery in health institution (n=331)
Spontaneous vaginal delivery	185 (55.9)	38.9–72.7
Assisted vaginal delivery	78 (23.8)	20.3–27.4
Caesarean section	62 (18.7)	16.1–21.3
Other (including foetal destruction)	6 (1.8)	1.4–3.4

Fig. 1 Planned and actual place of delivery among 522 pregnant women in South Tigray Zone towns, northern Ethiopia, November, 2014.

Fig. 2 Reasons for home delivery, despite planned institutional delivery, among 134 pregnant women in South Tigray Zone towns, northern Ethiopia, November, 2014 (multiple reasons possible).

Table 3 Bivariate and multivariate analyses of factors associated with institutional delivery service utilisation among pregnant mothers in South Tigray Zone towns, northern Ethiopia, November, 2014

Factors	Institutional delivery	Home delivery	Bivariate odds ratio (95% CI)	Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)
Age of pregnant women
15–19	25	8	Reference
20–24	89	20	2.24 (0.96–0.22)
25–29	108	28	3.18 (1.81–5.61)
>30	109	78	2.76 (1.66–4.58)
Educational status
No formal education	112	56	7.10 (2.71–18.6)	6.95 (2.24–21.6)
Primary education	88	55	8.88 (3.37–23.4)	7.75 (2.45–24.5)
Secondary and high school	60	18	4.26 (1.49–12.16)	5.00 (1.44–17.4)
College and above	71	5	Reference	Reference
Marital status
Married	39	29	Reference	Reference
Divorced	249	90	1.28 (0.62–2.64)
Widowed	17	3	0.49 (0.14–1.71)
Single	26	12	2.06 (1.20–3.52)	2.42 (1.16–5.06)
Gravidity
1	93	25	Reference
2–4	177	86	1.40 (0.73–2.69)
≥5	61	23	1.81 (1.08–3.01)
Neonatal death
No	249	85	1.75 (1.14–2.69)
Yes	82	49	Reference
ANC follow-up
No	68	52	2.45 (1.58–3.80)	2.24 (1.27–3.94)
Yes	263	82	Reference	Reference
Knowledge about institutional delivery service
Poor	69	39	Reference
Good	262	95	1.56 (0.99–2.46)
Women making decisions
No	81	57	2.29 (1.50–3.49)	2.20 (1.29–3.75)
Yes	250	77	Reference	Reference
Obstetric problems
Yes	303	108	2.61 (1.46–4.64)	2.96 (1.47–5.97)
No	28	26	Reference	Reference
Birth preparedness and complication readiness
No	48	50	3.51 (2.21–5.59)	4.72 (2.61–8.52)
Yes	283	84	Reference	Reference