Do women in major cities experience better health? A comparison of chronic conditions and their risk factors between women living in major cities and other cities in Indonesia

Figures & data

Table 1 Chronic conditions and risk factors among women, by group of cities

	Prevalence or mean (SD)
Outcome variable	Major (N=1,400)	Contrasting (N=2,808)	Total (N=4,208)	X ^2 or t	p
Has a chronic condition (%)	17.5%	12.0%	13.7%	19.241	<0.001
SBP in mmHg [mean (SD)]	125.0 (19.7)	124.5 (19.9)	124.7 (19.8)	−0.667	0.504
DBP in mmHg [mean (SD)]	80.1 (9.4)	78.9 (9.8)	79.5 (9.7)	−5.274	<0.001
BMI in kg/m^2 [mean (SD)]	24.0 (4.5)	23.7 (4.4)	23.8 (4.4)	−2.232	0.026
Current smoker (%)	4.3%	2.4%	3.0%	9.249	0.002

SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index.

Table 2 Chronic conditions among women aged 40 years and above, by group of cities

	Prevalence (%)
Chronic disease	Major (N=467)	Contrasting (N=1,011)	Total (N=1,478)	Chi-square	p
Hypertension	35.1	23.0	26.5	21.913	<0.001
Diabetes	8.7	4.1	5.5	11.354	<0.001
Asthma	3.7	2.7	3.0	1.054	0.306
Other lung conditions	2.7	1.0	1.5	5.718	0.017
Heart problems	3.3	3.7	3.6	0.161	0.688
Liver disease	1.3	0.9	1.0	0.325	0.569
Stroke	1.7	1.1	1.3	0.922	0.337
Cancer	1.9	0.7	1.0	3.288	0.070
Arthritis/rheumatism	12.6	11.9	12.1	0.136	0.712
Uric acid/gout	14.6	9.2	10.7	8.696	0.003
Any of the conditions above	51.9	40.8	44.0	14.477	<0.001

Table 3 Predictors of SBP, DBP, BMI, and smoking status among women residing in the cities

	SBP		DBP		BMI		Current smoker
Predictors	Coef	95% CI	Coef	95% CI	Coef	95% CI	Coef	95% CI
Major cities (reference: contrasting cities)	1.325	(0.263 to 2.386)	1.718	(1.107 to 2.329)	0.340	(0.067 to 0.614)	0.796	(0.428 to 1.163)
Age
Age_1^a	0.670	(0.609 to 0.732)	1.732	(1.500 to 1.964)	11.459	(10.335 to 12.583)	−12.695	(−16.828 to −8.563)
Age_2^a	−0.281	(−0.311 to −0.251)	−0.759	(−0.871 to −0.646)	−0.253	(−0.287 to −0.220)
Education (reference: primary or less)
Secondary	−2.292	(−3.616 to −0.968)	−0.439	(−1.203 to 0.325)	−0.362	(−0.702 to −0.021)	0.359	(−0.067 to 0.786)
Tertiary	−2.364	(−4.108 to −0.620)	0.406	(−0.601 to 1.413)	−0.313	(−0.760 to 0.135)	−0.394	(−1.187 to 0.399)
Household wealth (reference: Quintile 1)
Quintile 2	−0.453	(−2.023 to 1.117)	−0.369	(−1.271 to 0.533)	0.519	(0.116 to 0.922)	−0.609	(−1.156 to −0.063)
Quintile 3	−1.161	(−4.108 to −0.620)	−0.390	(−1.288 to 0.508)	0.511	(0.109 to 0.913)	−0.833	(−1.408 to −0.258)
Quintile 4	−1.339	(−2.936 to 0.399)	−1.088	(−2.010 to −0.166)	0.696	(0.286 to 1.106)	−0.599	(−1.158 to −0.040)
Quintile 5	−0.780	(−2.412 to 0.257)	−1.275	(−2.216 to −0.334)	0.819	(0.399 to 1.238)	−0.632	(−1.204 to −0.059)
Being in paid work (reference: not in paid work)	−1.950	(−2.961 to 0.851)	−1.067	(−1.654 to −0.481)	−0.275	(−0.538 to −0.013)	0.204	(−0.164 to 0.571)
Migrant (reference: non-migrant)	−0.542	(−1.638 to 0.553)	−0.659	(−1.290 to −0.028)	−0.156	(−0.437 to 0.125)	0.113	(−0.319 to 0.545)
Non-Javanese background (reference: Javanese background)	0.053	(−0.969 to 1.074)	−0.133	(−0.721 to 0.456)	−0.070	(−0.333 to 0.193)	0.655	(0.247 to 1.064)
Moslem (reference: non-Moslem)	2.277	(0.685 to 3.869)	1.891	(0.971 to 2.810)	0.089	(−0.324 to 0.501)	0.322	(−0.322 to 0.966)

^aAge is transformed in fractional polynomial model (see Table 4). SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval,

Coef=Coeficient.

Table 4 Fractional polynomial analysis of the effect of age on SBP, DBP, BMI, and smoking status among women residing in the cities, adjusted for education, household wealth, employment status, migration status, ethnic background, religion, and cities

	SBP	DBP	BMI	Current smoker
Degree of freedom (df)	4	4	4	2
Power	3 3	2 2	0.5 2	−2
Transformed covariate (age)
Age_1	X ^3−46.225	X ^2−13.009	X ^0.5−1.895	X ^−2−0.076
Age_2	X ^3*ln(X)−59.067	X ^2*ln(X)−16.688	X ^2−12.901

X=age/10. SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval.

Fig. 1 Distribution plot and predicted line of (a) systolic blood pressure, (b) diastolic blood pressure, and (c) body mass index among women ≥15 years old, by group of cities.